1. Bagaimana pergeseran perilaku dengan etika berkomunkasi jika di kaitkan dengan adanya konvergensi digital dewasa ini?
Etika berkomunikasi jaman dulu adalah hanya menggunakan telepon, fax, dan surat. Jadi apa kebiasaan orang dulu adalah hanya menggunakan kesedian tersebut, berbeda dengan orang-orang jaman sekarang, yang sangat memaksimalkan dengan adanya internet, handphone dan email. Pada jaman komunikasi lama, telepon, fax, dan surat adalah satu-satunya cara berkomunikasi jarak jauh, bahkan tariff telepon yang sangat mahal, membuat orang menggunkan surat untuk berkomunikasi terhadap internasional. Tetapi surat-surat tersebut memakan waktu yang lumayan lama, tetapi pada komunikasi baru, anda hanya membutuhkan email, bahkan anda tidak perlu membawa surat yang harus dikirim ke pos pos terdekat, anda hanya membutuhkan koneksi internet, dan dengan hitungan menit, email yang anda kirim pun akan sampai ke tujuan yang anda kirimkan, dengan gratis.
Ini sangat memanjakan orang-orang jaman sekarang untuk lebih menggunakan komunikasi baru, dan membantu komunikasi orang-orang menjadi lebih mudah.
2. Bagaimana peranan teknologi komunikasi dalam mendukung ‘good governance’ khususnya dalam sector pendidikan perguruan tinggi?
Peran teknologi ìGood governanceî untuk membantu pengguruan tinggi sangatlah membuat pendidikan lebih mudah, dengan teknologi yang tersedia sekarang, seperti Wi-fi yang tersedia di kampus, sangat memudahkan mahasiswa untuk mencari informasi-informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk perkuliahan, apalagi informasi yang tersedia di internet sangatlah banyak.
Dengan teknologi juga, perpustakan yang tersedia di kampus seperti ìUphî sangat membantu kinerja perpustakan itu sendiri, dengan computer yang tersedia untuk mencari-mencari stock buku yang ada atau tidak ada. Ataupun letak-letak buku tersebut di perpustakaan tersebut. Dan yang paling penting adalah, dosen yang mengajar di kampus sangat membutuhkan dengan adanya bantuan teknologi, seperti computer, projector untuk membantu menjelaskan bahan-bahan kuliah.
Karena adanya teknologi internet, bahkan sebagian kampus-kampus pun banyak yang menggunakan sarana internet sebagai pembagian informasi-informasi penting kepada mahasiswanya, seperti Hasil ujian, Pembayaran semester, dll.
3. Identifikasikan sejumlah kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman jika sebuah industri bisnis hendak beralih dari pemanfaatan komunikasi lama (konvensional) ke komunikasi baru (digital)!
- komunikasi lama, co : telepon, fax, surat menyurat
- komunikasi baru , co : internet, email, voip, unified messaging communication
SWOT
Strength – Dapat melakukan pertukaran informasi dengan jangkauan yang global, cepat, dan praktis.
Weakness –Masih sering ada kesalahan teknis. Misalnya, e-mail pemesanan produk oleh konsumen statusnya “sent (terkirim)” namun tidak diterima oleh perusahaan karena hal-hal teknis.
Opportunity Penyebaran iklan produk dengan biaya lebih murah namun jangkauan lebih luas. Konsumen lebih mudah melakukan transaksi, sehingga penjualan dapat meningkat.
Threat Komunikasi digital ini (internet, dll.) dapat dengan mudah diperoleh siapa saja yang potensial untuk menjadi pesaing bisnis. Hacker.
Kamis, 08 November 2007
Rabu, 07 November 2007
video pertekom 2
Mixed Reality
Mixed Reality is the merging of real world and virtual worlds to produce new environments where physical and digital objects can co-exist and interact in real-time. It is a mix of augmented reality, augmented virtuality and virtual reality. Combining a variety of 3D modelling, tracking, haptic feedback, computer human interface, simulation, rendering and display techniques, mixing realities can be a complex process at the very cutting edge of today’s technology.
A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment intended for its users to inhabit and interact via avatars. This habitation usually is represented in the form of two or three-dimensional graphical representations of humanoids (or other graphical or text-based avatars). Some, but not all, virtual worlds allow for multiple users.
The world being computer-simulated typically appears similar to the real world, with real world rules such as gravity, topography, locomotion, real-time actions, and communication.
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Users can interact with a virtual environment or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus boom arm, and omnidirectional treadmill. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or combat training, or it can differ significantly from reality, as in VR games. In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution and communication bandwidth. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome as processor, imaging and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.
U.S. Navy personnel using a VR parachute trainer
There is no more doubt that, now days mixed reality are helping human to maximize the use of the computer, such as training by visual and mixed reality like the picture above.
It can minimize the cost, by using a simulator for experiment it on a virtual world, not in a real world. Not only for the use of human to experiment any virtual experiment, but also to entertainments, such as 2 Dimensional Graphical or 3 Dimensional Graphical to create a car Cartoon, such as Movie, Games, or any Educative movie for children.
Mixed Reality is the merging of real world and virtual worlds to produce new environments where physical and digital objects can co-exist and interact in real-time. It is a mix of augmented reality, augmented virtuality and virtual reality. Combining a variety of 3D modelling, tracking, haptic feedback, computer human interface, simulation, rendering and display techniques, mixing realities can be a complex process at the very cutting edge of today’s technology.
A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment intended for its users to inhabit and interact via avatars. This habitation usually is represented in the form of two or three-dimensional graphical representations of humanoids (or other graphical or text-based avatars). Some, but not all, virtual worlds allow for multiple users.
The world being computer-simulated typically appears similar to the real world, with real world rules such as gravity, topography, locomotion, real-time actions, and communication.
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Users can interact with a virtual environment or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus boom arm, and omnidirectional treadmill. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or combat training, or it can differ significantly from reality, as in VR games. In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution and communication bandwidth. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome as processor, imaging and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.
U.S. Navy personnel using a VR parachute trainer
There is no more doubt that, now days mixed reality are helping human to maximize the use of the computer, such as training by visual and mixed reality like the picture above.
It can minimize the cost, by using a simulator for experiment it on a virtual world, not in a real world. Not only for the use of human to experiment any virtual experiment, but also to entertainments, such as 2 Dimensional Graphical or 3 Dimensional Graphical to create a car Cartoon, such as Movie, Games, or any Educative movie for children.
Kamis, 01 November 2007
video pertekom
2.
-Komunikasi virtual, dipahami sebagai virtual reality pada ruang lingkup (alam maya) dengan menggunakan internet. Komunikasi virtual sebenarnya dilakukan dengan cara representasi informasi digital yang bersifat diskrit.
A Network-based System Architecture for
Remote Medical Applications
- Remote Medical Network (http://web.it.kth.se/~axel/papers/2007/APAN-HuiminShe.pdf)
Huimin She1, 2
1Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
2ASIC & System State Key Lab., Dept. of
Microelectronics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
Tel: +46-8-790-4247
Zhonghai Lu
Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Tel: +46-8-790-4110
zhonghai@kth.se
huimin@kth.se
Axel Jantsch, Li-Rong Zheng
Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Tel: +46-8-790-4124, +46-8-790-4104
{axel, lrzheng}@kth.se
Dian Zhou
ASIC & System State Key Lab., Dept. of
Microelectronics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
Tel: +86-21-5135-5286
zhoud@fudan.edu.cn
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the evolution of wireless communication and network
technologies enables remote medical services to be available
everywhere in the world. In this paper, a network-based system
architecture adopting wireless personal area network (WPAN)
protocol IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard and 3G communication
networks for remote medical applications is proposed. In the
proposed system, the number and type of medical sensors are
scalable depending on individual needs. This feature allows the
system to be flexibly applied in several medical applications.
Furthermore, a differentiated service using priority scheduling and
data compression is introduced. This scheme can not only reduce
transmission delay for critical physiological signals and enhance
bandwidth utilization at the same time, but also decrease power
consumption of the hand-held personal server which uses battery
as the energy source.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
J.3 [Computer applications]: Life and Medical Sciences –
medical information systems
General Terms
Design, Performance
Keywords
System architecture, Sensor network, Remote medical
applications
1. INTRODUCTION
In medical applications, collecting patient physiological
information timely is crucial for clinicians to make treatment
advices in time, which is of large importance for saving lives and
ensuring patient’s safety. The development of wireless
communication and network technologies has made a significant
impact on remote medical applications during last few years [9]. It
makes remote health care at home or in the hospital practically
feasible and comfortable. Although face-to-face communication
between a patient and a clinician can not be replaced, there are
efficient and flexible ways to provide remote medical care by
adopting wireless telemedicine which has many advantages.
Firstly, clinicians can read patients’ physiological parameters in
time and then give real-time diagnosis advices which are
important to patients’ recovery. Secondly, patients can measure
their physiological signals and then send them to the hospital
remotely without the necessity to go to the hospital. Thirdly,
patients can move around freely while carrying wireless hand-held
medical devices. And finally, with the help of this system, a
clinician can take care of a few patients simultaneously, and thus
the personnel expense will be reduced.
In traditional approaches, remote medical services are
implemented over wired communication technologies like the
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) [5] [7]. Most current
telemedicine applications are limited to communications between
fixed locations with conventional handsets. These heavy medical
devices will prevent the patients from moving around freely. In
[3], some ongoing and emerging applications of wireless
information technology in health care are investigated. With the
development of mobile communication technologies, such as
GSM, GPRS, especially 3G networks, wireless medical service
can be delivered to any locations flexibly. In recent years, there
are many new applications in health provision using mobile
technology [1] [2] [10]. 3G communication network provides a
broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice,
video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps. It offers a
consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no
Copyright is held by the author/owner(s)
Asia Pacific Advanced Network 2007, 27-31 August 2007, Xi’an,
People’s Republic of China.
Network Research Workshop, 27 August 2007, Xi’an, People’s Republic
of China.
matter where they are located in the world. In [14], a portable
teletrauma system using commercially available 3G wireless
cellular data services is introduced. However, they did not
mention the communication between medical sensors and the
trauma-patient unit.
In this paper, a network-based system architecture for remote
medical applications using low power IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
standard and commercially available 3G networks is proposed. In
our proposed system, the number and type of medical sensors are
scalable depending on individual requirements. This feature
allows this system to be flexibly applied to a wide range of
medical applications such as continuous home monitoring and inhospital
health care. Moreover, a differentiated service using data
compression and priority scheduling is introduced. This scheme
can reduce transmission latency for critical physiological signals
and decrease power consumption of the hand-held personal server
which uses battery as the power source.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In section II, the
system architectures including medical sensors, the personal
server and the differentiated service are presented. In section III,
an example use case is discussed. Finally, conclusions are made in
section IV.
2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
2.1 Overview of system architecture
The whole system architecture is shown in figure 1. It is
composed of medical sensor nodes, a hand-held personal server, a
hospital server and related services. In this system, medical sensor
nodes are used to collect physiological signals including biosignals,
medical images, and voice signals. These obtained signals
are fed into the personal server through wireless personal area
network (WPAN). The wireless communication between the
sensor nodes and the hand-held personal server uses IEEE
820.15.4/Zigbee standard. Then the hand-held personal server
processes the data and displays the results on its LCD screen. And
the data can be stored in a local memory for self recording. If
necessary or required, the data can be transmitted to the hospital
server via 3G communication networks. With the availability of
3G networks, digitalized data and voice can be transmitted
simultaneously. After arriving at the hospital server, the data are
either stored in the clinical data base, or available to a clinician
through a hospital’s local area network (LAN). Then clinicians
can analyze the physiological data and give diagnosis advices
accordingly. Alternatively, when a clinician is away from the
hospital, he/she still can get the data via a PDA and give diagnosis
advices to the patient remotely.
Figure 1. The system architecture
In this system, the number and type of medical sensor nodes to
build the local personal network are variable depending on
individual’s needs. This feature makes the system flexible with a
lot of medical applications such as remote health care, home
monitoring, disaster and emergency monitoring. Furthermore, this
system provides convenience for patients as well as for clinicians.
For patients, they can get medical service at home or any other
places they prefer. And they can move around freely while
carrying light hand-held medical device. For clinicians, they can
give diagnosis suggestions to patients remotely without the
necessity to go to the hospital if nothing emergency happens. In
the following three sub-sections, more detailed descriptions about
medical sensors, the hand-held personal server, and the
differentiated service will be presented.
2.2 Medical sensors and wireless personal
area network
The main tasks of the medical sensors are to collect physiological
signals and send them to the personal server. Typical medical
sensors and characteristics of the signals are shown in table 1 [13].
In this system, the type and number of medical sensors are
scalable depending on applications. Several commonly used
medical sensors are briefly introduced as follows:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) is the most widely used
technique for cardiac disease diagnosing. The researchers in
Harvard University have developed sensor boards for both
the Mica2/MicaZ and Telos mote platforms that provide
continuous ECG monitoring by measuring the differential
across a single pair of electrodes [12].
2) Electroencephalograph (EEG) is the neurophysiologic
measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by
recording from electrodes placed on the scalp. It is capable of
detecting changes in electrical activity in the brain on a
millisecond-level.
3) Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the
resting potential of the retina. The resulting signal is called
the electrooculogram. The main applications are in
ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements.
4) Electromyogram (EMG) is a medical technique for
evaluating and recording physiologic properties of muscles at
rest and while contracting.
Table 1. Characteristics of biomedical signals
Signal Frequency
Range Signal Range
Electrocardiograph
(ECG) 0.05~100 Hz 0.01~5 mV
Electroencephalograph
(EEG) 0.5~60 Hz 15~100 mV
Electrooculogram
(EOG) 0.5~50 Hz N/A
Electromyogram
(EMG) 0.5~60 Hz N/A
Heart Rate 45~200 beats/min N/A
Breathing Rate 12~40 breaths/min N/A
Blood pressure dc-60 Hz 40~300mmHg
Depending on the characteristic of digitized physiological signals,
a low data rate, short range and low power protocol is appropriate
for the data transmission between medical sensors and the
personal server. The IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard is adopted in
this system. The IEEE Standard 802.15.4 describes a very low rate
wireless technology that is designed for communication among
wireless devices within a short range, using very low power and
with low data rate requirements [11]. In [6], IEEE 802.15.4
standard is utilized for medical sensor body area networking. And
the performance of this protocol is analyzed. The simulation
results show that IEEE Std. 802.15.4 can be used for medical
sensor networking with low data rate asymmetric traffic when
properly configured.
In the proposed system, various sampling rates and quantization
levels are used when the biomedical signals are digitized before
sent to the hospital server. Taking ECG as an example, a relatively
low sampling frequency of 128 Hz is appropriate for a good
representation of ECG signals, while a sampling rate of 250Hz
with 16-bit resolution has been used in ECG characterization
processing. From table 1, we can see that ECG generates the
highest data rate among the patient’s vital signals, which is about
10 kB/s. Then the low data rate wireless technology IEEE
802.15.4/Zigbee standard, which supports data rate of 250 kbit/s
at 2.4GHz frequency band, can be adopted for communication
between medical sensors and the personal server.
2.3 The personal server
Previous descriptions show that the personal server plays an
important role in overall telemedicine system. It is designed as a
hand-held unit which can be used to communicate parallelly with
a series of scalable medical sensor nodes as well as a remote
hospital server. It maintains a communication bridge between
patients and the hospital. Medical sensors start to collect data
(such as ECG) after getting the command from the personal server
and then send it to the personal server via wireless personal area
network (WPAN). Results (e.g. body temperature or blood
pressure) can be displayed on LCD screen of the personal server.
And data may be sent to the remote hospital server for further
processing if necessary. In general, the personal server performs
the following tasks: 1) Initialization and configuration of medical
sensor nodes. 2) Collecting data from medical sensors. 3)
Processing physiological data and displaying results. 4) Keeping
reliable communication with remote hospital server. 5) Providing
a graphic user interface. 6) Providing voice communication
between patients and physicians.
The diagram of the personal server is shown in Figure 2. The main
components of the personal server are listed as follows:
1) Processor & Memory module: The processor manages the
connections and data flow among all modules. It also takes
charge of initialization and configuration of connected
medical sensor nodes.
2) User Interface: The LCD screen is used for showing
measurement results (e.g. body temperature) and the
keyboard is used to input request from patient. For example,
for heart disease patients, an ECG measurement or blood
pressure testing can be taken if required.
3) Communication module: This module consists of two submodules—
a data transceiver and a Zigbee module, which
respectively manage communicating with the hospital server
and medical sensor nodes. The data transceiver sub-module
is used to transmit data to the hospital server as well as get
command from it. The Zigbee sub-module is used to
communicate with medical sensor nodes which require a low
data rate and short range communication link. To reduce
power consumption, in this design, IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
standard is adopted for the communication between medical
sensor nodes and the hand-held personal server.
Figure 2. Diagram of the personal server
4) Bio-signal Analyzer: The main tasks of the personal server
are to collect and process physiological data from medical
sensor nodes. Bio-signal analyzer module is used to analyze
bio-signals and performs parameter extraction under the
remote clinician’s request. For example, among the patient’s
vital signals, ECG generates the highest data rate, which is
about 10 kB/s. R-interval analysis can be performed to
determine the peaks through setting the threshold and first
derivative for a standard peak function. By transmitting
certain R-intervals instead of the whole ECG waveform, the
data rate can be lowered and power consumption can be
reduced subsequently.
5) Speech Recognition: This module is used to record voice
signals and sounds from the patient especially during
sleeping-time. When there are abnormal snoring sounds,
alarms will be made to inform the care giver or wake up the
patient himself/herself.
6) Alarm Maker: If one of the physiological signals exceeds the
threshold that is pre-set, this module will make alarms to
inform the clinician or a care giver. Then the patient will get
corresponding treatment in time.
7) Voice Module: This module is used to provide voice
communication between the hand-held personal server and
the hospital. Conversations can be started by either side.
With the help of this module, the patient can communicate
with the physician more directly and effectively.
8) Power Supply: This module is used to provide energy for
other modules.
2.4 Differentiated services
Among patients who had heart attacks, about 30% of them died
even before reaching the hospital [8]. Although heart attack can
happen suddenly without apparent indications, if correct
instructions can be made immediately, then mortality can be
reduced. So providing timely access to patient information is
crucial for saving lives and ensuring patients’ safety. Therefore,
providing guaranteed service and reducing transmission latency
for critical physiological signals is of great importance for lifethreatening
medical applications. On the other hand, since the
personal server is powered by battery, power consumption has
great impact on the efficiency of wireless personal area network
(WPAN) and prolonging the working time of the personal server.
As all know, reducing the transmission period will improve
overall bandwidth utilization as well as decrease power
consumption. In order to reduce transmission delay for critical
physiological signals, improve overall bandwidth utilization and
reduce power consumption, a differentiated service based on two
schemes --- priority scheduling and data compression --- is
proposed.
A. Priority scheduling & data compression
Depending on the characteristics of different physiological signals,
the traffic from medical sensors is divided into four types
according to their data rates and latency requirements. The four
types of traffic are: 1) high data-rate and low latency traffic; 2)
low data-rate and low latency traffic; 3) low data-rate and high
latency traffic; 4) high-data rate and high latency traffic. Low
latency means that the signal is critical, and its transmission delay
should be as short as possible. Each type of traffic is assigned a
priority weight which implies its transmission order when there
are several types of physiological signals to be sent. In table 2, an
example of priorities for different traffic types is shown. However,
the ‘high’ and ‘low’ defined here are relative. And the priority
weight can be assigned dynamically during the initialization
process of the personal server according to a specific application.
For example, when monitoring heart disease patients, ECG has the
highest priority; while monitoring head disease patients, EEG has
the highest priority and so on. For high data-rate and high latency
signal (such as medical image), it will be compressed according to
a given ratio and stored in local memory until its deadline expired.
And for other signals, they will be sent out immediately according
to their priority orders.
Table 2. Priorities for different traffic types
Data Type Data rate Latency Priority
ECG High Low 1
EEG, EOG, EMG Low Low 2
Heart rate &
Blood pressure &
Body temperature
Low High 3
Medical Image High High 4
B. The differentiated service
A flowchart of the differentiated service is shown in figure 3. The
personal server has two working modes, which are inactive mode
and active mode. When there is no workload, the personal server
will turn into inactive mode to save energy. And if there is
workload, the personal server wakes up from inactive mode and is
ready for transmission. If the physiological signals are critical,
they will be sent to the hospital server according to their priority
orders. From previous definitions, we know that physiological
signals with low latency requirement are critical signals and others
are non-critical signals. For non-critical physiological signals,
they will be compressed according to a given compression ratio
and then stored in local memory. If there is no other data to send,
non-critical physiological signals will be sent to the hospital
immediately. Otherwise, they will not be sent to the hospital
server until their deadlines expired.
Figure 3. Differentiated service flow
For life-threatening medical applications, timely access to the
patient’s physiological information is crucial for providing correct
treatment in time and improving the overall safety of the patient’s
care. By providing distinguishing services for different
physiological signals, the priority scheduling scheme not only
reduces the transmission delay for critical physiological signals,
but also decreases the probability of traffic congestion. Thus the
overall quality of service (QoS) is improved. The number of sent
packets is reduced by adopting the data compression scheme.
Therefore the bandwidth utilization is improved and the total
transmission time is reduced. Since the communication module of
the personal server consumes a big proportion of the whole energy,
thus the energy can be reduced when the total transmission time is
shortened. In a word, by using the differentiated service, the
transmission delay of critical physiological signals is reduced and
bandwidth utilization is enhanced at the same time. Moreover, the
power consumption is reduced.
3. AN EXAMPLE USE CASE
With the development of wireless technologies, telemedicine has
become practically feasible and increasingly popular. Health
telematics applications enable the availability of prompt and
professional medical care at understaffed areas like rural health
centers, ambulance vehicles, trains, ships and patient home
monitoring. With the help of wireless personal area sensor
network, complete home patient monitoring becomes
technologically feasible and comfortable (figure 4[4]). Moreover,
with this telemedicine system, in-hospital health caring will
become more convenient. Physicians and nurses do not need to
always stay with patients. They can read and analyze patients’
physiological data via telemedicine system and then give
diagnosing advice remotely. And staff expense will be reduced
subsequently. In this section, an example of patient home
monitoring is discussed.
The picture of a telemedicine system for patient home monitoring
is shown in figure 4, it is an example taken from [4]. It consists of
several medical sensors put on the patient’s body, a hand-held
personal server, a remote hospital server and related services. The
medical sensors which can measure ECG, SpO2, body temperature,
and blood pressure independently. The sensors and the hand-held
personal server form a local personal area network which uses
short range, low power protocol IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard.
This local personal area network is scalable depending on the
medical applications and the number of physiological sensors
involved. And the communication between local personal server
and remote hospital server uses commercially available 3G
communication networks.
Figure 4. A telemedicine system[4]
The whole system works as follows. At first, a physician or nursecontrolled
remote hospital server determines when a new
measurement is needed, and then it gives commands to the local
hand-held personal server via 3G networks. After receiving the
commands, the personal server starts to initialize and configure
the medical sensors. And then a wireless personal area network
(WPAN) is formed automatically. According to the commands
from the hospital server, each type of physiological signal is
assigned a priority weight which indicates its critical level. And
the priority weight can be assigned dynamically depending on the
application. (For example, a larger priority weight will be
assigned to ECG signals than body temperature for heart disease
patient. Then ECG signals will be processed and sent earlier than
body temperature if both of them arrived at the personal at the
same time). For seriously-sick patients, a threshold of
corresponding physiological signal can be pre-set. If the signal
exceeds the threshold, the local personal server will generate
alarm to inform a care giver or the patient himself. This
mechanism improves the safety of patients and reduces staff
expense at the same time. The local personal server works in two
modes --- active mode and inactive mode. When there is workload,
it will wake up from the inactive mode to the active mode. The
physiological sensors either automatically or manually triggered
to collect required data. The measured physiological signals are
transmitted to the personal server via a wireless personal area
network (WPAN). The personal server will process and store the
data in local storage for self recording. If required, the signals will
be transmitted to the remote hospital server at different orders
according to their priorities. After arriving at the hospital server,
these data will be analyzed by the physician. And then treatment
advices will be given or corresponding measures can be taken.
4. CONCLUSION
A network-based system architecture for remote medical
applications is introduced in this paper. By using IEEE
802.15.4/Zigbee standard and commercially available 3G
networks, this system can be used either at home for continuous
monitoring or in hospital for health care with strong scalability
and flexibility. According to different emergency levels of
physiological signal, a differentiated service based on priority
scheduling and data compression is presented. The proposed
scheme not only greatly reduces transmission delay for critical
physiological signals and enhances bandwidth utilization at the
same time, but also reduces power consumption of the hand-held
personal server. This mechanism improves quality of service (QoS)
of the overall system which is very important for life-critical
medical applications. The future work is to build experiment
environment based on the proposed system architecture.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Liping Wang at National Institute of
Informatics (NII), Tokyo, Japan, for the fruitful discussions. We
also thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.
6. REFERENCES
[1] B. Woodward, R. S. H. Istepanian, and C. I. Richards,
“Design of a telemedicine system using a mobile telephone”,
IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol.
5, no. 1, pp. 13–15, March. 2001.
[2] Jinwook C., Sooyoung Y., Heekyong P., and Jonghoon C.,
“MobileMed: A PDA-based mobile clinical information
system”, IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, vol. 10, no. 3, July 2006.
[3] Kyriacou E., S. Voskarides, C.S. Pattichis, R. Istepanian,
M.S. Pattichis, C.N. Schizas, “Wireless Telemedicine
Systems: A brief Overview”, 4th International Workshop on
Enterprise Networking and Computing in Healthcare
Industry (HEALTHCOM2002), Vol. 1, pp. 50-56, Nancy,
France, June 2002.
[4] Lo B., Thiemjarus S., King R., and Yang G., “Body Sensor
Network - A Wireless Sensor Platform for Pervasive
Healthcare Monitoring”, Adjunct Proceedings of the 3rd
International conference on Pervasive Computing
(PERVASIVE'05), May 2005.
[5] Milazzo Jr. A.S., Herlong J.R., Li J.S., Sanders S.
P., Barrington M., and Bengur A.R., “Real-time transmission
of pediatric echocardiograms using a single ISDN line”,
Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 32, pp. 379-388,
September 2002.
[6] N. F. Timmons, W. G. Scanlon, “Analysis of the
performance of IEEE 802.15.4 for medical sensor body area
networking”, IEEE Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and
Networks Conference (SECON), 2004.
[7] N. Smith-Guerin, L. Al Bassit, G. Poisson, C. Delgorge, P.
Arbeille, and P. Vieyres, “Clinical validation of a mobile
patient-expert tele-echography system using ISDN lines”, in
Proc. 4th Int. IEEE/EMBS Special Topic Conf. Inform.
Technol. Applicat. Biomed., Birmingham, U.K., April 2003,
pp. 23–26.
[8] Pertersen S., Peto V. and Rayner M., “Coronary heart disease
statistics 2004”, British Heart Foundation, June 2004
[9] R. S. H. Istepanian, E. Jovanov, Y. T. Zhang, “Guest
editorial introduction to the special section on M-health:
beyond seamless mobility and global wireless health-care
connectivity”, IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, December 2004.
[10] R. S. H. Istepanian, B. Woodward, and C. I. Richards,
“Advances in telemedicine using mobile communications”,
in Proc. 23rd Annu. Int. IEEE/EMBS Conf., Istanbul, Turkey,
2001, pp. 3556–3558.
[11]Sinem Coleri Ergen, “Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary”, UC
Berkeley, September 2004.
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/courses/838/papers/zigbee.p
df
[12]V. Shnayder, B. Chen, “Sensor networks for medical care”,
Technical Report TR-08-05, Division of Engineering and
Applied Science, Harvard University, 2005.
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~brchen/papers/codebluetechrept05.
pdf
[13] W. J. Tompkins, Ed., Biomedical Digital Signal Processing.
London, U.K: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[14]Yuechun Chu and Aura Ganz, “A mobile teletrauma system
using 3G networks”, IEEE Trans. on Information
Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, December 2004.
3.
Robart III adalah demonstrasi untuk perlindungan untuk ukuran respon.
ROBART III is an advanced demonstration platform for non-lethal security response measures, incorporating reflexive teleoperated control concepts developed on the earlier ROBART II system. The addition of threat-response capability to the detection and assessment features developed on previous systems (ROBART I and ROBART II) has been motivated by increased military interest in Law Enforcement and Operations Other Than War.
Like the MDARS robotic security system being developed at NCCOSC RDTE DIV (the Navy's Command Control and Communications center in San Diego, called NRaD for short), ROBART III will be capable of autonomously navigating in semi-structured environments such as office buildings and warehouses. Reflexive teleoperation mode employs the vehicle's extensive onboard sensor suite to prevent collisions with obstacles when the human operator assumes control and remotely drives the vehicle to investigate a situation of interest.
The non-lethal-response weapon incorporated in the ROBART III system is a pneumatically-powered dart gun capable of firing a variety of 3/16-inch-diameter projectiles, including tranquilizer darts. A Gatling-gun style rotating barrel arrangement allows six shots with minimal mechanical complexity. All six darts can be fired individually or in rapid succession, and a visible-red laser sight is provided to facilitate manual operation under joystick control using video relayed to the operator from the robot's head-mounted camera.
This paper presents a general description of the overall ROBART III system, with focus on sensor-assisted reflexive teleoperation of both navigation and weapon firing, and various issues related to non-lethal response capabilities.
-Komunikasi virtual, dipahami sebagai virtual reality pada ruang lingkup (alam maya) dengan menggunakan internet. Komunikasi virtual sebenarnya dilakukan dengan cara representasi informasi digital yang bersifat diskrit.
A Network-based System Architecture for
Remote Medical Applications
- Remote Medical Network (http://web.it.kth.se/~axel/papers/2007/APAN-HuiminShe.pdf)
Huimin She1, 2
1Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
2ASIC & System State Key Lab., Dept. of
Microelectronics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
Tel: +46-8-790-4247
Zhonghai Lu
Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Tel: +46-8-790-4110
zhonghai@kth.se
huimin@kth.se
Axel Jantsch, Li-Rong Zheng
Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Tel: +46-8-790-4124, +46-8-790-4104
{axel, lrzheng}@kth.se
Dian Zhou
ASIC & System State Key Lab., Dept. of
Microelectronics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
Tel: +86-21-5135-5286
zhoud@fudan.edu.cn
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the evolution of wireless communication and network
technologies enables remote medical services to be available
everywhere in the world. In this paper, a network-based system
architecture adopting wireless personal area network (WPAN)
protocol IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard and 3G communication
networks for remote medical applications is proposed. In the
proposed system, the number and type of medical sensors are
scalable depending on individual needs. This feature allows the
system to be flexibly applied in several medical applications.
Furthermore, a differentiated service using priority scheduling and
data compression is introduced. This scheme can not only reduce
transmission delay for critical physiological signals and enhance
bandwidth utilization at the same time, but also decrease power
consumption of the hand-held personal server which uses battery
as the energy source.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
J.3 [Computer applications]: Life and Medical Sciences –
medical information systems
General Terms
Design, Performance
Keywords
System architecture, Sensor network, Remote medical
applications
1. INTRODUCTION
In medical applications, collecting patient physiological
information timely is crucial for clinicians to make treatment
advices in time, which is of large importance for saving lives and
ensuring patient’s safety. The development of wireless
communication and network technologies has made a significant
impact on remote medical applications during last few years [9]. It
makes remote health care at home or in the hospital practically
feasible and comfortable. Although face-to-face communication
between a patient and a clinician can not be replaced, there are
efficient and flexible ways to provide remote medical care by
adopting wireless telemedicine which has many advantages.
Firstly, clinicians can read patients’ physiological parameters in
time and then give real-time diagnosis advices which are
important to patients’ recovery. Secondly, patients can measure
their physiological signals and then send them to the hospital
remotely without the necessity to go to the hospital. Thirdly,
patients can move around freely while carrying wireless hand-held
medical devices. And finally, with the help of this system, a
clinician can take care of a few patients simultaneously, and thus
the personnel expense will be reduced.
In traditional approaches, remote medical services are
implemented over wired communication technologies like the
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) [5] [7]. Most current
telemedicine applications are limited to communications between
fixed locations with conventional handsets. These heavy medical
devices will prevent the patients from moving around freely. In
[3], some ongoing and emerging applications of wireless
information technology in health care are investigated. With the
development of mobile communication technologies, such as
GSM, GPRS, especially 3G networks, wireless medical service
can be delivered to any locations flexibly. In recent years, there
are many new applications in health provision using mobile
technology [1] [2] [10]. 3G communication network provides a
broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice,
video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps. It offers a
consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no
Copyright is held by the author/owner(s)
Asia Pacific Advanced Network 2007, 27-31 August 2007, Xi’an,
People’s Republic of China.
Network Research Workshop, 27 August 2007, Xi’an, People’s Republic
of China.
matter where they are located in the world. In [14], a portable
teletrauma system using commercially available 3G wireless
cellular data services is introduced. However, they did not
mention the communication between medical sensors and the
trauma-patient unit.
In this paper, a network-based system architecture for remote
medical applications using low power IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
standard and commercially available 3G networks is proposed. In
our proposed system, the number and type of medical sensors are
scalable depending on individual requirements. This feature
allows this system to be flexibly applied to a wide range of
medical applications such as continuous home monitoring and inhospital
health care. Moreover, a differentiated service using data
compression and priority scheduling is introduced. This scheme
can reduce transmission latency for critical physiological signals
and decrease power consumption of the hand-held personal server
which uses battery as the power source.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In section II, the
system architectures including medical sensors, the personal
server and the differentiated service are presented. In section III,
an example use case is discussed. Finally, conclusions are made in
section IV.
2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
2.1 Overview of system architecture
The whole system architecture is shown in figure 1. It is
composed of medical sensor nodes, a hand-held personal server, a
hospital server and related services. In this system, medical sensor
nodes are used to collect physiological signals including biosignals,
medical images, and voice signals. These obtained signals
are fed into the personal server through wireless personal area
network (WPAN). The wireless communication between the
sensor nodes and the hand-held personal server uses IEEE
820.15.4/Zigbee standard. Then the hand-held personal server
processes the data and displays the results on its LCD screen. And
the data can be stored in a local memory for self recording. If
necessary or required, the data can be transmitted to the hospital
server via 3G communication networks. With the availability of
3G networks, digitalized data and voice can be transmitted
simultaneously. After arriving at the hospital server, the data are
either stored in the clinical data base, or available to a clinician
through a hospital’s local area network (LAN). Then clinicians
can analyze the physiological data and give diagnosis advices
accordingly. Alternatively, when a clinician is away from the
hospital, he/she still can get the data via a PDA and give diagnosis
advices to the patient remotely.
Figure 1. The system architecture
In this system, the number and type of medical sensor nodes to
build the local personal network are variable depending on
individual’s needs. This feature makes the system flexible with a
lot of medical applications such as remote health care, home
monitoring, disaster and emergency monitoring. Furthermore, this
system provides convenience for patients as well as for clinicians.
For patients, they can get medical service at home or any other
places they prefer. And they can move around freely while
carrying light hand-held medical device. For clinicians, they can
give diagnosis suggestions to patients remotely without the
necessity to go to the hospital if nothing emergency happens. In
the following three sub-sections, more detailed descriptions about
medical sensors, the hand-held personal server, and the
differentiated service will be presented.
2.2 Medical sensors and wireless personal
area network
The main tasks of the medical sensors are to collect physiological
signals and send them to the personal server. Typical medical
sensors and characteristics of the signals are shown in table 1 [13].
In this system, the type and number of medical sensors are
scalable depending on applications. Several commonly used
medical sensors are briefly introduced as follows:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) is the most widely used
technique for cardiac disease diagnosing. The researchers in
Harvard University have developed sensor boards for both
the Mica2/MicaZ and Telos mote platforms that provide
continuous ECG monitoring by measuring the differential
across a single pair of electrodes [12].
2) Electroencephalograph (EEG) is the neurophysiologic
measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by
recording from electrodes placed on the scalp. It is capable of
detecting changes in electrical activity in the brain on a
millisecond-level.
3) Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the
resting potential of the retina. The resulting signal is called
the electrooculogram. The main applications are in
ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements.
4) Electromyogram (EMG) is a medical technique for
evaluating and recording physiologic properties of muscles at
rest and while contracting.
Table 1. Characteristics of biomedical signals
Signal Frequency
Range Signal Range
Electrocardiograph
(ECG) 0.05~100 Hz 0.01~5 mV
Electroencephalograph
(EEG) 0.5~60 Hz 15~100 mV
Electrooculogram
(EOG) 0.5~50 Hz N/A
Electromyogram
(EMG) 0.5~60 Hz N/A
Heart Rate 45~200 beats/min N/A
Breathing Rate 12~40 breaths/min N/A
Blood pressure dc-60 Hz 40~300mmHg
Depending on the characteristic of digitized physiological signals,
a low data rate, short range and low power protocol is appropriate
for the data transmission between medical sensors and the
personal server. The IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard is adopted in
this system. The IEEE Standard 802.15.4 describes a very low rate
wireless technology that is designed for communication among
wireless devices within a short range, using very low power and
with low data rate requirements [11]. In [6], IEEE 802.15.4
standard is utilized for medical sensor body area networking. And
the performance of this protocol is analyzed. The simulation
results show that IEEE Std. 802.15.4 can be used for medical
sensor networking with low data rate asymmetric traffic when
properly configured.
In the proposed system, various sampling rates and quantization
levels are used when the biomedical signals are digitized before
sent to the hospital server. Taking ECG as an example, a relatively
low sampling frequency of 128 Hz is appropriate for a good
representation of ECG signals, while a sampling rate of 250Hz
with 16-bit resolution has been used in ECG characterization
processing. From table 1, we can see that ECG generates the
highest data rate among the patient’s vital signals, which is about
10 kB/s. Then the low data rate wireless technology IEEE
802.15.4/Zigbee standard, which supports data rate of 250 kbit/s
at 2.4GHz frequency band, can be adopted for communication
between medical sensors and the personal server.
2.3 The personal server
Previous descriptions show that the personal server plays an
important role in overall telemedicine system. It is designed as a
hand-held unit which can be used to communicate parallelly with
a series of scalable medical sensor nodes as well as a remote
hospital server. It maintains a communication bridge between
patients and the hospital. Medical sensors start to collect data
(such as ECG) after getting the command from the personal server
and then send it to the personal server via wireless personal area
network (WPAN). Results (e.g. body temperature or blood
pressure) can be displayed on LCD screen of the personal server.
And data may be sent to the remote hospital server for further
processing if necessary. In general, the personal server performs
the following tasks: 1) Initialization and configuration of medical
sensor nodes. 2) Collecting data from medical sensors. 3)
Processing physiological data and displaying results. 4) Keeping
reliable communication with remote hospital server. 5) Providing
a graphic user interface. 6) Providing voice communication
between patients and physicians.
The diagram of the personal server is shown in Figure 2. The main
components of the personal server are listed as follows:
1) Processor & Memory module: The processor manages the
connections and data flow among all modules. It also takes
charge of initialization and configuration of connected
medical sensor nodes.
2) User Interface: The LCD screen is used for showing
measurement results (e.g. body temperature) and the
keyboard is used to input request from patient. For example,
for heart disease patients, an ECG measurement or blood
pressure testing can be taken if required.
3) Communication module: This module consists of two submodules—
a data transceiver and a Zigbee module, which
respectively manage communicating with the hospital server
and medical sensor nodes. The data transceiver sub-module
is used to transmit data to the hospital server as well as get
command from it. The Zigbee sub-module is used to
communicate with medical sensor nodes which require a low
data rate and short range communication link. To reduce
power consumption, in this design, IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
standard is adopted for the communication between medical
sensor nodes and the hand-held personal server.
Figure 2. Diagram of the personal server
4) Bio-signal Analyzer: The main tasks of the personal server
are to collect and process physiological data from medical
sensor nodes. Bio-signal analyzer module is used to analyze
bio-signals and performs parameter extraction under the
remote clinician’s request. For example, among the patient’s
vital signals, ECG generates the highest data rate, which is
about 10 kB/s. R-interval analysis can be performed to
determine the peaks through setting the threshold and first
derivative for a standard peak function. By transmitting
certain R-intervals instead of the whole ECG waveform, the
data rate can be lowered and power consumption can be
reduced subsequently.
5) Speech Recognition: This module is used to record voice
signals and sounds from the patient especially during
sleeping-time. When there are abnormal snoring sounds,
alarms will be made to inform the care giver or wake up the
patient himself/herself.
6) Alarm Maker: If one of the physiological signals exceeds the
threshold that is pre-set, this module will make alarms to
inform the clinician or a care giver. Then the patient will get
corresponding treatment in time.
7) Voice Module: This module is used to provide voice
communication between the hand-held personal server and
the hospital. Conversations can be started by either side.
With the help of this module, the patient can communicate
with the physician more directly and effectively.
8) Power Supply: This module is used to provide energy for
other modules.
2.4 Differentiated services
Among patients who had heart attacks, about 30% of them died
even before reaching the hospital [8]. Although heart attack can
happen suddenly without apparent indications, if correct
instructions can be made immediately, then mortality can be
reduced. So providing timely access to patient information is
crucial for saving lives and ensuring patients’ safety. Therefore,
providing guaranteed service and reducing transmission latency
for critical physiological signals is of great importance for lifethreatening
medical applications. On the other hand, since the
personal server is powered by battery, power consumption has
great impact on the efficiency of wireless personal area network
(WPAN) and prolonging the working time of the personal server.
As all know, reducing the transmission period will improve
overall bandwidth utilization as well as decrease power
consumption. In order to reduce transmission delay for critical
physiological signals, improve overall bandwidth utilization and
reduce power consumption, a differentiated service based on two
schemes --- priority scheduling and data compression --- is
proposed.
A. Priority scheduling & data compression
Depending on the characteristics of different physiological signals,
the traffic from medical sensors is divided into four types
according to their data rates and latency requirements. The four
types of traffic are: 1) high data-rate and low latency traffic; 2)
low data-rate and low latency traffic; 3) low data-rate and high
latency traffic; 4) high-data rate and high latency traffic. Low
latency means that the signal is critical, and its transmission delay
should be as short as possible. Each type of traffic is assigned a
priority weight which implies its transmission order when there
are several types of physiological signals to be sent. In table 2, an
example of priorities for different traffic types is shown. However,
the ‘high’ and ‘low’ defined here are relative. And the priority
weight can be assigned dynamically during the initialization
process of the personal server according to a specific application.
For example, when monitoring heart disease patients, ECG has the
highest priority; while monitoring head disease patients, EEG has
the highest priority and so on. For high data-rate and high latency
signal (such as medical image), it will be compressed according to
a given ratio and stored in local memory until its deadline expired.
And for other signals, they will be sent out immediately according
to their priority orders.
Table 2. Priorities for different traffic types
Data Type Data rate Latency Priority
ECG High Low 1
EEG, EOG, EMG Low Low 2
Heart rate &
Blood pressure &
Body temperature
Low High 3
Medical Image High High 4
B. The differentiated service
A flowchart of the differentiated service is shown in figure 3. The
personal server has two working modes, which are inactive mode
and active mode. When there is no workload, the personal server
will turn into inactive mode to save energy. And if there is
workload, the personal server wakes up from inactive mode and is
ready for transmission. If the physiological signals are critical,
they will be sent to the hospital server according to their priority
orders. From previous definitions, we know that physiological
signals with low latency requirement are critical signals and others
are non-critical signals. For non-critical physiological signals,
they will be compressed according to a given compression ratio
and then stored in local memory. If there is no other data to send,
non-critical physiological signals will be sent to the hospital
immediately. Otherwise, they will not be sent to the hospital
server until their deadlines expired.
Figure 3. Differentiated service flow
For life-threatening medical applications, timely access to the
patient’s physiological information is crucial for providing correct
treatment in time and improving the overall safety of the patient’s
care. By providing distinguishing services for different
physiological signals, the priority scheduling scheme not only
reduces the transmission delay for critical physiological signals,
but also decreases the probability of traffic congestion. Thus the
overall quality of service (QoS) is improved. The number of sent
packets is reduced by adopting the data compression scheme.
Therefore the bandwidth utilization is improved and the total
transmission time is reduced. Since the communication module of
the personal server consumes a big proportion of the whole energy,
thus the energy can be reduced when the total transmission time is
shortened. In a word, by using the differentiated service, the
transmission delay of critical physiological signals is reduced and
bandwidth utilization is enhanced at the same time. Moreover, the
power consumption is reduced.
3. AN EXAMPLE USE CASE
With the development of wireless technologies, telemedicine has
become practically feasible and increasingly popular. Health
telematics applications enable the availability of prompt and
professional medical care at understaffed areas like rural health
centers, ambulance vehicles, trains, ships and patient home
monitoring. With the help of wireless personal area sensor
network, complete home patient monitoring becomes
technologically feasible and comfortable (figure 4[4]). Moreover,
with this telemedicine system, in-hospital health caring will
become more convenient. Physicians and nurses do not need to
always stay with patients. They can read and analyze patients’
physiological data via telemedicine system and then give
diagnosing advice remotely. And staff expense will be reduced
subsequently. In this section, an example of patient home
monitoring is discussed.
The picture of a telemedicine system for patient home monitoring
is shown in figure 4, it is an example taken from [4]. It consists of
several medical sensors put on the patient’s body, a hand-held
personal server, a remote hospital server and related services. The
medical sensors which can measure ECG, SpO2, body temperature,
and blood pressure independently. The sensors and the hand-held
personal server form a local personal area network which uses
short range, low power protocol IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard.
This local personal area network is scalable depending on the
medical applications and the number of physiological sensors
involved. And the communication between local personal server
and remote hospital server uses commercially available 3G
communication networks.
Figure 4. A telemedicine system[4]
The whole system works as follows. At first, a physician or nursecontrolled
remote hospital server determines when a new
measurement is needed, and then it gives commands to the local
hand-held personal server via 3G networks. After receiving the
commands, the personal server starts to initialize and configure
the medical sensors. And then a wireless personal area network
(WPAN) is formed automatically. According to the commands
from the hospital server, each type of physiological signal is
assigned a priority weight which indicates its critical level. And
the priority weight can be assigned dynamically depending on the
application. (For example, a larger priority weight will be
assigned to ECG signals than body temperature for heart disease
patient. Then ECG signals will be processed and sent earlier than
body temperature if both of them arrived at the personal at the
same time). For seriously-sick patients, a threshold of
corresponding physiological signal can be pre-set. If the signal
exceeds the threshold, the local personal server will generate
alarm to inform a care giver or the patient himself. This
mechanism improves the safety of patients and reduces staff
expense at the same time. The local personal server works in two
modes --- active mode and inactive mode. When there is workload,
it will wake up from the inactive mode to the active mode. The
physiological sensors either automatically or manually triggered
to collect required data. The measured physiological signals are
transmitted to the personal server via a wireless personal area
network (WPAN). The personal server will process and store the
data in local storage for self recording. If required, the signals will
be transmitted to the remote hospital server at different orders
according to their priorities. After arriving at the hospital server,
these data will be analyzed by the physician. And then treatment
advices will be given or corresponding measures can be taken.
4. CONCLUSION
A network-based system architecture for remote medical
applications is introduced in this paper. By using IEEE
802.15.4/Zigbee standard and commercially available 3G
networks, this system can be used either at home for continuous
monitoring or in hospital for health care with strong scalability
and flexibility. According to different emergency levels of
physiological signal, a differentiated service based on priority
scheduling and data compression is presented. The proposed
scheme not only greatly reduces transmission delay for critical
physiological signals and enhances bandwidth utilization at the
same time, but also reduces power consumption of the hand-held
personal server. This mechanism improves quality of service (QoS)
of the overall system which is very important for life-critical
medical applications. The future work is to build experiment
environment based on the proposed system architecture.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Liping Wang at National Institute of
Informatics (NII), Tokyo, Japan, for the fruitful discussions. We
also thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.
6. REFERENCES
[1] B. Woodward, R. S. H. Istepanian, and C. I. Richards,
“Design of a telemedicine system using a mobile telephone”,
IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol.
5, no. 1, pp. 13–15, March. 2001.
[2] Jinwook C., Sooyoung Y., Heekyong P., and Jonghoon C.,
“MobileMed: A PDA-based mobile clinical information
system”, IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, vol. 10, no. 3, July 2006.
[3] Kyriacou E., S. Voskarides, C.S. Pattichis, R. Istepanian,
M.S. Pattichis, C.N. Schizas, “Wireless Telemedicine
Systems: A brief Overview”, 4th International Workshop on
Enterprise Networking and Computing in Healthcare
Industry (HEALTHCOM2002), Vol. 1, pp. 50-56, Nancy,
France, June 2002.
[4] Lo B., Thiemjarus S., King R., and Yang G., “Body Sensor
Network - A Wireless Sensor Platform for Pervasive
Healthcare Monitoring”, Adjunct Proceedings of the 3rd
International conference on Pervasive Computing
(PERVASIVE'05), May 2005.
[5] Milazzo Jr. A.S., Herlong J.R., Li J.S., Sanders S.
P., Barrington M., and Bengur A.R., “Real-time transmission
of pediatric echocardiograms using a single ISDN line”,
Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 32, pp. 379-388,
September 2002.
[6] N. F. Timmons, W. G. Scanlon, “Analysis of the
performance of IEEE 802.15.4 for medical sensor body area
networking”, IEEE Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and
Networks Conference (SECON), 2004.
[7] N. Smith-Guerin, L. Al Bassit, G. Poisson, C. Delgorge, P.
Arbeille, and P. Vieyres, “Clinical validation of a mobile
patient-expert tele-echography system using ISDN lines”, in
Proc. 4th Int. IEEE/EMBS Special Topic Conf. Inform.
Technol. Applicat. Biomed., Birmingham, U.K., April 2003,
pp. 23–26.
[8] Pertersen S., Peto V. and Rayner M., “Coronary heart disease
statistics 2004”, British Heart Foundation, June 2004
[9] R. S. H. Istepanian, E. Jovanov, Y. T. Zhang, “Guest
editorial introduction to the special section on M-health:
beyond seamless mobility and global wireless health-care
connectivity”, IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, December 2004.
[10] R. S. H. Istepanian, B. Woodward, and C. I. Richards,
“Advances in telemedicine using mobile communications”,
in Proc. 23rd Annu. Int. IEEE/EMBS Conf., Istanbul, Turkey,
2001, pp. 3556–3558.
[11]Sinem Coleri Ergen, “Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary”, UC
Berkeley, September 2004.
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/courses/838/papers/zigbee.p
df
[12]V. Shnayder, B. Chen, “Sensor networks for medical care”,
Technical Report TR-08-05, Division of Engineering and
Applied Science, Harvard University, 2005.
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~brchen/papers/codebluetechrept05.
[13] W. J. Tompkins, Ed., Biomedical Digital Signal Processing.
London, U.K: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[14]Yuechun Chu and Aura Ganz, “A mobile teletrauma system
using 3G networks”, IEEE Trans. on Information
Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, December 2004.
3.
Robart III adalah demonstrasi untuk perlindungan untuk ukuran respon.
ROBART III is an advanced demonstration platform for non-lethal security response measures, incorporating reflexive teleoperated control concepts developed on the earlier ROBART II system. The addition of threat-response capability to the detection and assessment features developed on previous systems (ROBART I and ROBART II) has been motivated by increased military interest in Law Enforcement and Operations Other Than War.
Like the MDARS robotic security system being developed at NCCOSC RDTE DIV (the Navy's Command Control and Communications center in San Diego, called NRaD for short), ROBART III will be capable of autonomously navigating in semi-structured environments such as office buildings and warehouses. Reflexive teleoperation mode employs the vehicle's extensive onboard sensor suite to prevent collisions with obstacles when the human operator assumes control and remotely drives the vehicle to investigate a situation of interest.
The non-lethal-response weapon incorporated in the ROBART III system is a pneumatically-powered dart gun capable of firing a variety of 3/16-inch-diameter projectiles, including tranquilizer darts. A Gatling-gun style rotating barrel arrangement allows six shots with minimal mechanical complexity. All six darts can be fired individually or in rapid succession, and a visible-red laser sight is provided to facilitate manual operation under joystick control using video relayed to the operator from the robot's head-mounted camera.
This paper presents a general description of the overall ROBART III system, with focus on sensor-assisted reflexive teleoperation of both navigation and weapon firing, and various issues related to non-lethal response capabilities.
Kamis, 04 Oktober 2007
1. Tahun lalu, dua media iklan yang paling utama adalah koran, dengan belanja iklan US$55,7 miliar ($1 = Rp 9275, sumber: detikcom) diikuti televisi dengan jumlah uang iklan US$ 48,7 miliar. Namun pada tahun 2011, Internet diperkirakan bakal menjadi media iklan terbesar dengan jumlah transaksi yang beredar US$ 63 miliar.
Sementara itu pada 2006, konsumen menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya di depan televisi dan kemudian radio. Kombinasi keduanya mencapai jumlah 70 persen dari total waktu yang dihabiskan orang untuk media. Rekaman musik berada di urutan selanjutnya dengan presentase 5,3 persen diikuti koran dengan 5 persen. Internet berada di urutan terakhir dengan presentase 5 persen saja.
Namun pada tahun 2007 ini, studi tersebut meramalkan bahwa presentase penggunaan Internet akan meningkat dengan mencapai angka 5,1 persen. Hal sebaliknya justru terjadi pada akses koran dan rekaman musik yang diprediksi akan turun menjadi 4,9 persen.
Di sisi lain, waktu yang dihabiskan untuk mengakses media juga akan lebih banyak di tempat kerja karena adanya Internet. Studi ini menandaskan bahwa akses terhadap media terutama Internet oleh pekerja meningkat sebanyak 3,2 persen pada tahun 2006, dan angka ini diprediksi akan terus tumbuh.
(www.detikinet.com)
Banyak orang yang mengatakan bahwa Internet dapat membuat tutupnya media publikasi konvensional yang hanya mengandalkan media cetak. Hype ini belum terbukti. Hal ini disebabkan karena dahulu untuk menayangkan (publish) sebuah tulisan di Internet dibutuhkan kemampuan coding HTML. Kemudian muncul alat bantu yang mempermudah penulisan HTML. Namun ini masih kurang. Hasil tampilan masih pas-pasan saja.
Muncullah blogger dengan alat bantu penulisan dan cara penyajian yang menarik. Ada mekanisme untuk mengubah tema (theme, style) dari tampilan dengan hanya menekan beberapa tombol saja. Hasilnya adalah tampilan yang sebanding dengan tampilan dari media cetak.
Hanya, masalah konvensional masih belum dipecahkan, yaitu mencari sumber tulisan yang bagus. Yang ini ternyata masih belum bisa diotomatiskan. Masih harus dilakukan oleh orang. Mungkin suatu saat ini bisa diotomatiskan dengan menggunakan program intelegensia buatan yang dijalankan oleh komputer? Kita tinggal menuliskan plotnya, memilih temanya (serius, komedi), dan kemudian sang komputer menuliskan detailnya.
Nah, kalau sudah begitu maka media baru ini baru bisa mulai dikatakan membunuh media konvensional. Tapi mungkin ini masih belum cukup. Saya masih ingat lagu "video kills radio star". Ternyata video tidak membunuh bintang radio, bahkan membantu penjualan album bintang radio tersebut. Nampaknya media baru ini tidak membunuh media konvensional, malah meningkatkan penjualannya. Siapa yang mau eksperimen?
(www.techno-media.blogspot.com)
2. Prospek Industri Internet di Indonesia
(source: http://www.pentasi.net/article.php?act=detail&pid=236)
Potensi Internet Masih Besar
Potensi industri Internet di Tanah Air dinilai cukup besar dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang dapat mencapai dua kali lipat setiap tahunnya, asalkan para pelakunya tepat dalam memposisikan bisnisnya.
"Dari indikator yang ada, seperti jumlah pelanggan, tingkat penetrasi dan kebutuhan, industri ini menyimpan potensi yang cukup besar, hanya belum tergarap secara maksimal," kata Heru Nugoro, Sekjen Asosiasi Pengusaha Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII).
Menurut dia, kebutuhan akses Internet di segmen komersial (perusahaan) semakin besar sejalan dengan kompetisi yang semakin ketat. Internet menjadi sarana baru dalam menjalankan bisnis.
Segmen usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM), lanjut Heru, kini juga membutuhkan akses Internet untuk menjalankan usahanya. Hal ini juga didorong ketersediaan aplikasi e-business yang semakin terjangkau bagi segmen tersebut.
Di luar segmen pengguna komersial, dia mengatakan kebutuhan akses Internet didorong oleh pengaruh gaya hidup. "Contohnya, sekolah yang tidak memiliki Internet kini ditinggalkan karena bukan sekolah yang difavoritkan," katanya.
Di antara berbagai peluang tersebut, Heru mengatakan masih banyak pengusaha yang bergerak di industri ini kurang memposisikan bisnisnya dengan tepat, salah satunya adalah Warung Internet (Warnet).
Warnet dinilainya menjadi salah satu bisnis di industri Internet yang akan mengalami konsolidasi setelah mencapai puncaknya pada era 90-an. Bisnis tersebut kurang prospektif terutama di daerah-daerah yang penetrasi akses Internet-nya tinggi, seperti di kota-kota besar.
"Memang tepat kalau dikatakan bisnis Warnet saat ini ibarat mati suri karena jenis layanannya tidak berkembang, pengusaha di bidang ini harus lebih kreatif menyediakan layanan, jangan hanya akses," tutur Heru.
Menurut Heru Heru Nugoro, jasa layanan akses yang diberikan Warnet sudah tidak menarik lagi sehingga Warnet perlu mengembangkan usahanya ke layanan lain seperti penyedia aplikasi, web hosting, web page development atau sistem integrator.
Salah satu contoh yang dinilai Heru cukup berhasil adalah pengembangan Warnet menjadi penyedia jasa Internet (PJI), disamping pola RT/RW Net yang belakangan ini banyak dibicarakan.
Kendati dinilai sebagai bisnis yang kurang prospektif, dia mengatakan bisnis Warnet dalam jangka pendek masih sangat potensial di daerah-daerah miskin akses Internet.
"Setelah itu, jika ingin terus berfokus menyediakan akses, pengusaha Warnet mengembangkan usahanya sekalian menjadi PJI," ujar Heru.
Bagi pengusaha, dia berpendapat Warnet merupakan entry point untuk memasuki industri teknologi informasi sedangkan bagi pengguna, Warnet menjadi sarana pertama mengenal dunia Internet.
Jumlah pengguna Internet Indonesia tahun ini ditargetkan menembus angka 12 juta orang, atau naik dari yang semula diperkirakan APJII yakni 7.5 juta.
Pertumbuhan ini, didorong kalangan korporasi besar dan kecil, Warnet, perusahaan serta lembaga pendidikan, pesantren dan sebagainya, dimana satu pelanggan dapat melayani puluhan atau bahkan ratusan pengguna.
3. Motif orang menggunakan internet :
(source: http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/tutorial/conceptual/uses.html)
-To find general information about a subject
The Web is like a huge encyclopedia of information - in some ways it's even better. The volume of information you'll find on the Web is amazing. For every topic that you've ever wondered about, there's bound to be someone who's written a Web page about it. The Web offers many different perspectives on a single topic.
In fact you can even find online encyclopedias. Many of these are now offering a subscription service which lets you search through the complete text of the encyclopedia. There are also many free ecyclopedias that may give you a cut-down version of what you would find in a complete encyclopedia.
-To access information not easily available elsewhere
One of the great things about the Web is that it puts information into your hands that you might otherwise have to pay for or find out by less convenient means.
Snow Cams - find out what the snow's like at your favourite New Zealand ski resort without leaving your computer.
MetService (NZ)
- contains NZ, marine and mountain forecasts as well as maps and observations.
The World Clock - current local times for cities all over the world - even knows about daylight savings.
Foreign Exchange Rates - get a table with exchange rates to and from any other currency.
Village Cinemas - find out movie times without having to search for a paper.
-To correspond with faraway friends
Email offers a cheap and easy alternative to traditional methods of correspondence. It's faster and easier than writing snail mail and cheaper than using the telephone. Of course, there are disadvantages too. It's not as personal as a handwritten letter - and not as reliable either. If you spell the name of the street wrong in a conventional address, it's not too difficult for the post office to work out what you mean. However if you spell anything wrong in an email address, your mail won't be delivered (you might get it sent back to you or you might never realise).
Find out more about Email
-To meet people
The Web is generally a very friendly place. People love getting email from strangers, and friendships are quick to form from casual correspondence. The "impersonal" aspect of email tends to encourage people to reveal surprisingly personal things about themselves. When you know you will never have to meet someone face-to-face, you may find it easier to tell them your darkest secrets. Cyber-friendships have often developed into real life ones too. Many people have even found love on the Net, and have gone on to marry their cyber-partner.
To discuss their interests with like-minded people
Did you think you were alone in your obsession with a singer, TV programme, author, hobby? Chances are there's and Internet group for people like you, discussing every little detail of your obsession right now. The Republic of Pemberley is a discussion board for "Pride and Prejudice" (by Jane Austen) obsessives.
The Society of Barefoot Living is for people who go barefoot - everywhere!
-To have fun
There's no doubt that the Internet is a fun place to be. There's plenty to keep you occupied on a rainy day. Here's just a few of the many frivolous things to do on the Web:
The Waitakere Rovers Kiwiness Quiz
Send virtual flowers
Misheard Song Lyrics
-To learn
Online distance education courses can give you an opportunity to gain a qualification over the Internet.
-To read the news
The Christchurch Press On-Line is the first NZ newspaper to make it on to the Web.
The New York Times is always up to date with the latest (American) news.
-To find software
The Internet contains a wealth of useful downloadable shareware. Some pieces of shareware are limited versions of the full piece of software, other are time limited trials (you should pay once the time limit is up). Other shareware is free for educational institutes, or for non-commercial purposes. Shareware.com is a shareware archive that lets you search by keyword.
-To buy things
The security of on-line shopping is still questionable, but as long as you are dealing with a reputable company or Web Site the risks are minimal. Amazon Books is a huge American book store (they exist only on the Web and are very reputable). Their prices are very good - it's can be much cheaper to buy books from here than from NZ book stores, especially if you buy several at once to keep the shipping cost down.
Why do people put things on the Web?
-To advertise a product
Most company Web sites start up as a big advertisement for their products and services. It may be hard to see why anyone would willingly visit a 10 page ad - but these advertisements are very useful to anyone genuinely interested in finding out about their products. Companies may also give away some information for free as an incentive for people to visit their pages. Adobe Systems Incorporated - a good way to find out the facts about the excellent software that Adobe offers.
-To sell a product
Internet shopping (e-commerce) is still in its infancy - it takes a very good marketing strategy to actually make money out of selling items over the Web, but that doesn't stop lots of people from trying. Amazon Books - one of the most successful (perhaps the most successful) e-businesses.
-To make money
A popular way to make money out of the Web is from advertising revenue. Popular sites have banners at the top of the page enticing people to click them and be taken to the advertiser's Web site. These banners are generally animated and very appealing, with mysterious messages to make users wonder where they will be taken. For each person that clicks the ad, the host site gets commission. Making money this way is only successful if the site gets lots of visitors (thousands a day); so the sites must be very useful and offer something of real value to their visitors. The Alta Vista Search Engine is an example of a site that makes money from banner advertisements.
The Internet Movie Database offers a very useful and fun service - it's financed by advertising and sponsorship.
-To share their knowledge with the world
Many individuals write Web pages to share information about their interests or hobbies. They don't expect to make any money out of it - they just feel that the Web has given them so much information that the least they can do is put something into it that may be useful for others. Other rewards come from the prestige of having their site recognised as something good and the contact inspired by their pages with others sharing the same interest
4. Jumlah pengguna Internet yang besar dan semakin berkembang, telah mewujudkan budaya internet. Internet juga mempunyai pengaruh yang besar atas ilmu, dan pandangan dunia. Dengan hanya berpandukan mesin pencari seperti Google, pengguna di seluruh dunia mempunyai akses yang mudah atas bermacam-macam informasi. Dibanding dengan buku dan perpustakaan, Internet melambangkan penyebaran (decentralization) informasi dan data secara ekstrim.
Perkembangan Internet juga telah mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi. Berbagai transaksi jual beli yang sebelumnya hanya bisa dilakukan dengan cara tatap muka (dan sebagian sangat kecil melalui pos atau telepon), kini sangat mudah dan sering dilakukan melalui Internet. Transaksi melalui Internet ini dikenal dengan nama e-commerce.
Terkait dengan pemerintahan, Internet juga memicu tumbuhnya transparansi pelaksanaan pemerintahan melalui e-government.
(www.wikipedia.com)
Sementara itu pada 2006, konsumen menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya di depan televisi dan kemudian radio. Kombinasi keduanya mencapai jumlah 70 persen dari total waktu yang dihabiskan orang untuk media. Rekaman musik berada di urutan selanjutnya dengan presentase 5,3 persen diikuti koran dengan 5 persen. Internet berada di urutan terakhir dengan presentase 5 persen saja.
Namun pada tahun 2007 ini, studi tersebut meramalkan bahwa presentase penggunaan Internet akan meningkat dengan mencapai angka 5,1 persen. Hal sebaliknya justru terjadi pada akses koran dan rekaman musik yang diprediksi akan turun menjadi 4,9 persen.
Di sisi lain, waktu yang dihabiskan untuk mengakses media juga akan lebih banyak di tempat kerja karena adanya Internet. Studi ini menandaskan bahwa akses terhadap media terutama Internet oleh pekerja meningkat sebanyak 3,2 persen pada tahun 2006, dan angka ini diprediksi akan terus tumbuh.
(www.detikinet.com)
Banyak orang yang mengatakan bahwa Internet dapat membuat tutupnya media publikasi konvensional yang hanya mengandalkan media cetak. Hype ini belum terbukti. Hal ini disebabkan karena dahulu untuk menayangkan (publish) sebuah tulisan di Internet dibutuhkan kemampuan coding HTML. Kemudian muncul alat bantu yang mempermudah penulisan HTML. Namun ini masih kurang. Hasil tampilan masih pas-pasan saja.
Muncullah blogger dengan alat bantu penulisan dan cara penyajian yang menarik. Ada mekanisme untuk mengubah tema (theme, style) dari tampilan dengan hanya menekan beberapa tombol saja. Hasilnya adalah tampilan yang sebanding dengan tampilan dari media cetak.
Hanya, masalah konvensional masih belum dipecahkan, yaitu mencari sumber tulisan yang bagus. Yang ini ternyata masih belum bisa diotomatiskan. Masih harus dilakukan oleh orang. Mungkin suatu saat ini bisa diotomatiskan dengan menggunakan program intelegensia buatan yang dijalankan oleh komputer? Kita tinggal menuliskan plotnya, memilih temanya (serius, komedi), dan kemudian sang komputer menuliskan detailnya.
Nah, kalau sudah begitu maka media baru ini baru bisa mulai dikatakan membunuh media konvensional. Tapi mungkin ini masih belum cukup. Saya masih ingat lagu "video kills radio star". Ternyata video tidak membunuh bintang radio, bahkan membantu penjualan album bintang radio tersebut. Nampaknya media baru ini tidak membunuh media konvensional, malah meningkatkan penjualannya. Siapa yang mau eksperimen?
(www.techno-media.blogspot.com)
2. Prospek Industri Internet di Indonesia
(source: http://www.pentasi.net/article.php?act=detail&pid=236)
Potensi Internet Masih Besar
Potensi industri Internet di Tanah Air dinilai cukup besar dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang dapat mencapai dua kali lipat setiap tahunnya, asalkan para pelakunya tepat dalam memposisikan bisnisnya.
"Dari indikator yang ada, seperti jumlah pelanggan, tingkat penetrasi dan kebutuhan, industri ini menyimpan potensi yang cukup besar, hanya belum tergarap secara maksimal," kata Heru Nugoro, Sekjen Asosiasi Pengusaha Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII).
Menurut dia, kebutuhan akses Internet di segmen komersial (perusahaan) semakin besar sejalan dengan kompetisi yang semakin ketat. Internet menjadi sarana baru dalam menjalankan bisnis.
Segmen usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM), lanjut Heru, kini juga membutuhkan akses Internet untuk menjalankan usahanya. Hal ini juga didorong ketersediaan aplikasi e-business yang semakin terjangkau bagi segmen tersebut.
Di luar segmen pengguna komersial, dia mengatakan kebutuhan akses Internet didorong oleh pengaruh gaya hidup. "Contohnya, sekolah yang tidak memiliki Internet kini ditinggalkan karena bukan sekolah yang difavoritkan," katanya.
Di antara berbagai peluang tersebut, Heru mengatakan masih banyak pengusaha yang bergerak di industri ini kurang memposisikan bisnisnya dengan tepat, salah satunya adalah Warung Internet (Warnet).
Warnet dinilainya menjadi salah satu bisnis di industri Internet yang akan mengalami konsolidasi setelah mencapai puncaknya pada era 90-an. Bisnis tersebut kurang prospektif terutama di daerah-daerah yang penetrasi akses Internet-nya tinggi, seperti di kota-kota besar.
"Memang tepat kalau dikatakan bisnis Warnet saat ini ibarat mati suri karena jenis layanannya tidak berkembang, pengusaha di bidang ini harus lebih kreatif menyediakan layanan, jangan hanya akses," tutur Heru.
Menurut Heru Heru Nugoro, jasa layanan akses yang diberikan Warnet sudah tidak menarik lagi sehingga Warnet perlu mengembangkan usahanya ke layanan lain seperti penyedia aplikasi, web hosting, web page development atau sistem integrator.
Salah satu contoh yang dinilai Heru cukup berhasil adalah pengembangan Warnet menjadi penyedia jasa Internet (PJI), disamping pola RT/RW Net yang belakangan ini banyak dibicarakan.
Kendati dinilai sebagai bisnis yang kurang prospektif, dia mengatakan bisnis Warnet dalam jangka pendek masih sangat potensial di daerah-daerah miskin akses Internet.
"Setelah itu, jika ingin terus berfokus menyediakan akses, pengusaha Warnet mengembangkan usahanya sekalian menjadi PJI," ujar Heru.
Bagi pengusaha, dia berpendapat Warnet merupakan entry point untuk memasuki industri teknologi informasi sedangkan bagi pengguna, Warnet menjadi sarana pertama mengenal dunia Internet.
Jumlah pengguna Internet Indonesia tahun ini ditargetkan menembus angka 12 juta orang, atau naik dari yang semula diperkirakan APJII yakni 7.5 juta.
Pertumbuhan ini, didorong kalangan korporasi besar dan kecil, Warnet, perusahaan serta lembaga pendidikan, pesantren dan sebagainya, dimana satu pelanggan dapat melayani puluhan atau bahkan ratusan pengguna.
3. Motif orang menggunakan internet :
(source: http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/tutorial/conceptual/uses.html)
-To find general information about a subject
The Web is like a huge encyclopedia of information - in some ways it's even better. The volume of information you'll find on the Web is amazing. For every topic that you've ever wondered about, there's bound to be someone who's written a Web page about it. The Web offers many different perspectives on a single topic.
In fact you can even find online encyclopedias. Many of these are now offering a subscription service which lets you search through the complete text of the encyclopedia. There are also many free ecyclopedias that may give you a cut-down version of what you would find in a complete encyclopedia.
-To access information not easily available elsewhere
One of the great things about the Web is that it puts information into your hands that you might otherwise have to pay for or find out by less convenient means.
Snow Cams - find out what the snow's like at your favourite New Zealand ski resort without leaving your computer.
MetService (NZ)
- contains NZ, marine and mountain forecasts as well as maps and observations.
The World Clock - current local times for cities all over the world - even knows about daylight savings.
Foreign Exchange Rates - get a table with exchange rates to and from any other currency.
Village Cinemas - find out movie times without having to search for a paper.
-To correspond with faraway friends
Email offers a cheap and easy alternative to traditional methods of correspondence. It's faster and easier than writing snail mail and cheaper than using the telephone. Of course, there are disadvantages too. It's not as personal as a handwritten letter - and not as reliable either. If you spell the name of the street wrong in a conventional address, it's not too difficult for the post office to work out what you mean. However if you spell anything wrong in an email address, your mail won't be delivered (you might get it sent back to you or you might never realise).
Find out more about Email
-To meet people
The Web is generally a very friendly place. People love getting email from strangers, and friendships are quick to form from casual correspondence. The "impersonal" aspect of email tends to encourage people to reveal surprisingly personal things about themselves. When you know you will never have to meet someone face-to-face, you may find it easier to tell them your darkest secrets. Cyber-friendships have often developed into real life ones too. Many people have even found love on the Net, and have gone on to marry their cyber-partner.
To discuss their interests with like-minded people
Did you think you were alone in your obsession with a singer, TV programme, author, hobby? Chances are there's and Internet group for people like you, discussing every little detail of your obsession right now. The Republic of Pemberley is a discussion board for "Pride and Prejudice" (by Jane Austen) obsessives.
The Society of Barefoot Living is for people who go barefoot - everywhere!
-To have fun
There's no doubt that the Internet is a fun place to be. There's plenty to keep you occupied on a rainy day. Here's just a few of the many frivolous things to do on the Web:
The Waitakere Rovers Kiwiness Quiz
Send virtual flowers
Misheard Song Lyrics
-To learn
Online distance education courses can give you an opportunity to gain a qualification over the Internet.
-To read the news
The Christchurch Press On-Line is the first NZ newspaper to make it on to the Web.
The New York Times is always up to date with the latest (American) news.
-To find software
The Internet contains a wealth of useful downloadable shareware. Some pieces of shareware are limited versions of the full piece of software, other are time limited trials (you should pay once the time limit is up). Other shareware is free for educational institutes, or for non-commercial purposes. Shareware.com is a shareware archive that lets you search by keyword.
-To buy things
The security of on-line shopping is still questionable, but as long as you are dealing with a reputable company or Web Site the risks are minimal. Amazon Books is a huge American book store (they exist only on the Web and are very reputable). Their prices are very good - it's can be much cheaper to buy books from here than from NZ book stores, especially if you buy several at once to keep the shipping cost down.
Why do people put things on the Web?
-To advertise a product
Most company Web sites start up as a big advertisement for their products and services. It may be hard to see why anyone would willingly visit a 10 page ad - but these advertisements are very useful to anyone genuinely interested in finding out about their products. Companies may also give away some information for free as an incentive for people to visit their pages. Adobe Systems Incorporated - a good way to find out the facts about the excellent software that Adobe offers.
-To sell a product
Internet shopping (e-commerce) is still in its infancy - it takes a very good marketing strategy to actually make money out of selling items over the Web, but that doesn't stop lots of people from trying. Amazon Books - one of the most successful (perhaps the most successful) e-businesses.
-To make money
A popular way to make money out of the Web is from advertising revenue. Popular sites have banners at the top of the page enticing people to click them and be taken to the advertiser's Web site. These banners are generally animated and very appealing, with mysterious messages to make users wonder where they will be taken. For each person that clicks the ad, the host site gets commission. Making money this way is only successful if the site gets lots of visitors (thousands a day); so the sites must be very useful and offer something of real value to their visitors. The Alta Vista Search Engine is an example of a site that makes money from banner advertisements.
The Internet Movie Database offers a very useful and fun service - it's financed by advertising and sponsorship.
-To share their knowledge with the world
Many individuals write Web pages to share information about their interests or hobbies. They don't expect to make any money out of it - they just feel that the Web has given them so much information that the least they can do is put something into it that may be useful for others. Other rewards come from the prestige of having their site recognised as something good and the contact inspired by their pages with others sharing the same interest
4. Jumlah pengguna Internet yang besar dan semakin berkembang, telah mewujudkan budaya internet. Internet juga mempunyai pengaruh yang besar atas ilmu, dan pandangan dunia. Dengan hanya berpandukan mesin pencari seperti Google, pengguna di seluruh dunia mempunyai akses yang mudah atas bermacam-macam informasi. Dibanding dengan buku dan perpustakaan, Internet melambangkan penyebaran (decentralization) informasi dan data secara ekstrim.
Perkembangan Internet juga telah mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi. Berbagai transaksi jual beli yang sebelumnya hanya bisa dilakukan dengan cara tatap muka (dan sebagian sangat kecil melalui pos atau telepon), kini sangat mudah dan sering dilakukan melalui Internet. Transaksi melalui Internet ini dikenal dengan nama e-commerce.
Terkait dengan pemerintahan, Internet juga memicu tumbuhnya transparansi pelaksanaan pemerintahan melalui e-government.
(www.wikipedia.com)
Rabu, 19 September 2007
MIDTEST UPH
1.-Handphone- yang bisa dijadikan tv ukuran besar. Merekanya Brix, yang ditemukan oleh Seokwon hong. Selain kita bisa berkomunikasi dengan siapapun, dalam jarak yang relative jauh, dimasa mendatang produk ini memungkinkan kita untuk dapat terus menerima informasi-informasi global dimanapun kita berada.
-Microwave Television- adalah microwave yang digabungkan media telivisi.
Mengapa kelompok kami memilih ini, karena menurut kelompok kami, Handphone yang bisa dijadikan tv dalam ukuran besar adalah sangat berguna, karena kita bisa mendapatkan informasi yang disiarkan ditelevisi dimanapun kita berada, dan sangat mudah, hanya menggunakan handphone. Dan sangat effisien.
Dan yang kedua, Microwave Telivision. Sangat berguna untuk sering menghabiskan waktu didapur, sehingga kita tetap bisa mendapat informasi terkini dari television. Bahkan dalam saat kita didapur.
2. - mengapa ntt docomo dapat mengalami pertumbuhan bisnis/pelanggan telekomunikasi yang cukup pesat di jepang?
- coba anda jelaskan kepentingan/kemudahan konsumen yang didapat dari masa ke masa, terkait dengan inovasi teknologi yang dilakukan oleh ntt docomo (catatan: gunakan pendekatan "pertekkom")!
-Ntt docomo dijepang memberikan layanan yang canggih dengan harga yang murah, dengan handphone yang murah juga tentunya, sangat memanjakan konsumen dari masa ke masa, sehingga konsumen pun sangat terdorong untuk selalu menggunakan innovasi terbaru dari perusahaan Ntt Docomo.
Kenapa jepang? Karena menurut Ceo/President mengatakan sebelumnya layanan-layanan seperti ini digunakan hanya dimarket eropa dalam beberapa tahun lalu, tetapi sekarang jepang dan korea dianggap sebagai market yang sangat menarik dan secara financial sangat maju dan memimpin perekonomian global.
-teknonolgi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh ntt docomo, adalah dengan memberi pelayanan-pelayanan yang sangat moderen dan terjangkau. Layanan seperti inilah yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh konsumen. Ditambah lagi layanan-layanan Ntt Docomo sangatlah berguna untuk kegiatan sehari-hari, seperti orang menggunakan handphone untuk berbelanja, atau sebagai identitas diri, seperti menjadi kartu atm, kunci akses(identity key) ataupun membership card.
3. Advanced Systems Format dulunya bernama Advanced Streaming Format disingkat ASF adalah sebuah metode untuk mengalirkan (streaming) data multimedia (audio, video, atau gambar) yang didukung oleh Windows Media Player. Sebuah stream ASF dapat menggabungkan antara beberapa jenis data, mulai dari audio, video, gambar, URL, dan skrip. Dengan menggunakan Windows Media Encoder, sebuah server dapat membuat stream ASF yang mengandung audio serta video. Dengan utilitas yang sama pula, pengguna dapat membuat stream ASF yang terlebih dahulu disimpan di dalam media penyimpanan lokal, sebelum akhirnya dialirkan melalui jaringan. Layanan yang dapat mendukung pengaliran stream ASF berupa Microsoft NetShow Server dan Microsoft Windows Media Services. Dua layanan tersebut dapat melakukan transmisi secara unicast (one-to-one) maupun multicast (one-to-many).
Menurut kelompok kami, perubahan signifikan yang terjadi adalah, menggabungkan audio/video/gambar/url/script menjadi satu dengan menggunakan windows media player.
SUMBER:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresi_video
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Form at
http://searchvoip.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,si d66_gci213055,00.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media
www.otakku.com
-Microwave Television- adalah microwave yang digabungkan media telivisi.
Mengapa kelompok kami memilih ini, karena menurut kelompok kami, Handphone yang bisa dijadikan tv dalam ukuran besar adalah sangat berguna, karena kita bisa mendapatkan informasi yang disiarkan ditelevisi dimanapun kita berada, dan sangat mudah, hanya menggunakan handphone. Dan sangat effisien.
Dan yang kedua, Microwave Telivision. Sangat berguna untuk sering menghabiskan waktu didapur, sehingga kita tetap bisa mendapat informasi terkini dari television. Bahkan dalam saat kita didapur.
2. - mengapa ntt docomo dapat mengalami pertumbuhan bisnis/pelanggan telekomunikasi yang cukup pesat di jepang?
- coba anda jelaskan kepentingan/kemudahan konsumen yang didapat dari masa ke masa, terkait dengan inovasi teknologi yang dilakukan oleh ntt docomo (catatan: gunakan pendekatan "pertekkom")!
-Ntt docomo dijepang memberikan layanan yang canggih dengan harga yang murah, dengan handphone yang murah juga tentunya, sangat memanjakan konsumen dari masa ke masa, sehingga konsumen pun sangat terdorong untuk selalu menggunakan innovasi terbaru dari perusahaan Ntt Docomo.
Kenapa jepang? Karena menurut Ceo/President mengatakan sebelumnya layanan-layanan seperti ini digunakan hanya dimarket eropa dalam beberapa tahun lalu, tetapi sekarang jepang dan korea dianggap sebagai market yang sangat menarik dan secara financial sangat maju dan memimpin perekonomian global.
-teknonolgi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh ntt docomo, adalah dengan memberi pelayanan-pelayanan yang sangat moderen dan terjangkau. Layanan seperti inilah yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh konsumen. Ditambah lagi layanan-layanan Ntt Docomo sangatlah berguna untuk kegiatan sehari-hari, seperti orang menggunakan handphone untuk berbelanja, atau sebagai identitas diri, seperti menjadi kartu atm, kunci akses(identity key) ataupun membership card.
3. Advanced Systems Format dulunya bernama Advanced Streaming Format disingkat ASF adalah sebuah metode untuk mengalirkan (streaming) data multimedia (audio, video, atau gambar) yang didukung oleh Windows Media Player. Sebuah stream ASF dapat menggabungkan antara beberapa jenis data, mulai dari audio, video, gambar, URL, dan skrip. Dengan menggunakan Windows Media Encoder, sebuah server dapat membuat stream ASF yang mengandung audio serta video. Dengan utilitas yang sama pula, pengguna dapat membuat stream ASF yang terlebih dahulu disimpan di dalam media penyimpanan lokal, sebelum akhirnya dialirkan melalui jaringan. Layanan yang dapat mendukung pengaliran stream ASF berupa Microsoft NetShow Server dan Microsoft Windows Media Services. Dua layanan tersebut dapat melakukan transmisi secara unicast (one-to-one) maupun multicast (one-to-many).
Menurut kelompok kami, perubahan signifikan yang terjadi adalah, menggabungkan audio/video/gambar/url/script menjadi satu dengan menggunakan windows media player.
SUMBER:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresi_video
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Form at
http://searchvoip.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,si d66_gci213055,00.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media
www.otakku.com
Kamis, 06 September 2007
3G
1.Kelebihan dan kekurangan layanan 3G
- TARIF, LUAS CAKUPAN AREA, DAN KECEPATAN TRANSFER DATA
Perbandingan harga antara xl,indosat, dan telkomsel. Penawaran xl, 1giga/bulan seharga 279.000, Telkomsel menawarkan paket berdasarkan waktu, dengan 40 jam perbulan, sebesar 200,000, 100jam perbulan/400.000 dan 250jam perbulan/800.000.
Dari semua penawaran, Indosat menjadi yang paling menarik, karena menawarkan kurang lebih Rp291/mb. Dengan akses kecepatan penuh, 3.5mbps. sedangkan xl Rp279/mb dengan koneksi campuran atanra 3G dan 3.5G. tergantung pada lokasi pengakses, telkomsel pake minimal 40jam, itu berarti orang mengakses kira-kira 1 ½ jam setiap hari tanpa memberikan rincian kecepatan yang dijamin untuk diakses penggunanya. Indosat menjadi provider yang jangkauanya paling luas, dan spesifikasinya jelas.
KEMUDAHAN PENDAFTARAN
XL
dapat menghubungi XL Center atau melalui e-mail di: customerservice@xl.co.id
Telkomsel
Cara pendaftaran :
Syntax : 3G
kemudian kirim ke 3636
Indosat
Cara pendaftaran :
Syntax : reg3G
kemudian kirim ke 777
2.
Kelebihan memakai internet di mana-mana sangat dibutuhkan di zaman sekarang, contohnya saja, saat waktu kuliah, ketika dosen menyuruh kita untuk membuka website untuk mencari informasi atau untuk menjawab pertanyaan, dengan mudah saya bisa memakai 3gindosat portable, yang menggunakan usb saja, dan koneksi internetnya itu sangat cepat, dibandingkan dengan internet yang tersedia di kampus, dan dengan ramainya mahasiswa yang memakai internet tersebut, maka internet dikampus sangatlah pelan, jadi setiap mata kuliah seperti perkembangan teknologi komunikasi. USB 3G itu sangatlah bermanfaat.
Mengakses internet dimana saja sangat membantu kegiatan sehari-hari, contohnya waktu saya sedang berpergian dengan keluarga saya, walaupun saya diluar saya tetap bisa mengakses internet untuk mendapatkan informasi dan jadwal-jadwal nonton di bioskop.
Dan yang terkhir mengakses internet dimana saja, dimana jika terjadi macet, kita bisa chating, sehingga macet pun tidak akan terasa begitu lama. Dengan internet yang tergolong cepat, 3G Indosat memudahkan kita untuk browsing dengan cepat, contohnya seperti kita menonton youtube.com kita tidak perlu menunggu loadingnya yang sangat lama, buffering detiknya berjalan cepat sekali, sehingga memudahakan kita menonton seperti berita-berita ataupun highlight sepakbola atau apapun yang tersedia di web tersebut.
3.
Ringkasan Harian Kompas 30 Agustus 2007 Mengenai Teknologi 3G
Pembangunan jaringan 3G yang kini sudah ada di beberapa kota besar merupakan senjata baru bagi operator 3G untuk memasuki era konvergensi, di mana telekomunikasi masa depan adalah produk-produk berbasis internet protocol (IP). Salah satu keunggulan teknologi 3G adalah kemampuannya menyalurkan komunikasi data dengan cepat. Ringkasnya, 3G identik dengan mobile broadband internet. Bisa dipastikan akses internet melalui jaringan 3G jauh lebih nyaman dibandingkan dengan koneksi jenis lain yang sekarang banyak digunakan oleh para pengakses internet. Namun, haruslah diingat 3G-HSDPA memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal kapasitas. Satu Node B idealnya bisa dipakai sampai sekitar 10-20 orang (secara bersamaan) untuk bisa mendapatkan akses prima. Untuk bisa meningkatkan teledensitas, bisa dibayangkan berapa banyak Node B (baca: investasi) yang dibutuhkan.
Ada tiga alasan mengapa 3G menjadi pilihan koneksi internet. Pertama, mobilitas, di mana saja sepanjang ada jaringan 3G bisa dilakukan koneksi ke internet. Kedua, kecepatan sekelas broadband dari 358 Kbps hingga 1,6 Mbps. Ketiga, gampang digunakan baik dalam prosedur berlangganan maupun proses instalasinya.
Kehadiran teknologi 3G juga menghadirkan berbagai perangkat yang memberikan kemudahan untuk memanfaatkan akses broadband seluler dalam kecepatan tinggi. Fenomena ini ditandai dengan semakin banyak perangkat yang ditawarkan, mulai dari modem data untuk mengakses jaringan internet sampai perangkat kamera yang bisa menjadi video call atau pemantau keamanan jarak jauh.
Ketersediaan teknologi 3G, termasuk koneksi HSDPA, akan berhasil kalau CPE yang tersedia di pasaran mudah didapat dengan harga yang terjangkau. Ketersediaan CPE ini menjadi penting dan baru memberikan makna bagi penggelaran teknologi 3G dan berbagai turunannya, bukan hanya modem untuk mengakses data saja, tetapi juga ponsel yang berkemampuan 3G. Dengan demikian, bagi kita, menjadi mengherankan apabila ada operator yang berani mengklaim bahwa pelanggan 3G mereka sudah mencapai 3,1 juta dengan jumlah pengguna akses data generasi ketiga seluler ini mencapai 400.000 pelanggan. Klaim tersebut tidak masuk akal karena CPE dan ponsel 3G di Indonesia yang diimpor belum mencapai jumlah tersebut.
- TARIF, LUAS CAKUPAN AREA, DAN KECEPATAN TRANSFER DATA
Perbandingan harga antara xl,indosat, dan telkomsel. Penawaran xl, 1giga/bulan seharga 279.000, Telkomsel menawarkan paket berdasarkan waktu, dengan 40 jam perbulan, sebesar 200,000, 100jam perbulan/400.000 dan 250jam perbulan/800.000.
Dari semua penawaran, Indosat menjadi yang paling menarik, karena menawarkan kurang lebih Rp291/mb. Dengan akses kecepatan penuh, 3.5mbps. sedangkan xl Rp279/mb dengan koneksi campuran atanra 3G dan 3.5G. tergantung pada lokasi pengakses, telkomsel pake minimal 40jam, itu berarti orang mengakses kira-kira 1 ½ jam setiap hari tanpa memberikan rincian kecepatan yang dijamin untuk diakses penggunanya. Indosat menjadi provider yang jangkauanya paling luas, dan spesifikasinya jelas.
KEMUDAHAN PENDAFTARAN
XL
dapat menghubungi XL Center atau melalui e-mail di: customerservice@xl.co.id
Telkomsel
Cara pendaftaran :
Syntax : 3G
kemudian kirim ke 3636
Indosat
Cara pendaftaran :
Syntax : reg
kemudian kirim ke 777
2.
Kelebihan memakai internet di mana-mana sangat dibutuhkan di zaman sekarang, contohnya saja, saat waktu kuliah, ketika dosen menyuruh kita untuk membuka website untuk mencari informasi atau untuk menjawab pertanyaan, dengan mudah saya bisa memakai 3gindosat portable, yang menggunakan usb saja, dan koneksi internetnya itu sangat cepat, dibandingkan dengan internet yang tersedia di kampus, dan dengan ramainya mahasiswa yang memakai internet tersebut, maka internet dikampus sangatlah pelan, jadi setiap mata kuliah seperti perkembangan teknologi komunikasi. USB 3G itu sangatlah bermanfaat.
Mengakses internet dimana saja sangat membantu kegiatan sehari-hari, contohnya waktu saya sedang berpergian dengan keluarga saya, walaupun saya diluar saya tetap bisa mengakses internet untuk mendapatkan informasi dan jadwal-jadwal nonton di bioskop.
Dan yang terkhir mengakses internet dimana saja, dimana jika terjadi macet, kita bisa chating, sehingga macet pun tidak akan terasa begitu lama. Dengan internet yang tergolong cepat, 3G Indosat memudahkan kita untuk browsing dengan cepat, contohnya seperti kita menonton youtube.com kita tidak perlu menunggu loadingnya yang sangat lama, buffering detiknya berjalan cepat sekali, sehingga memudahakan kita menonton seperti berita-berita ataupun highlight sepakbola atau apapun yang tersedia di web tersebut.
3.
Ringkasan Harian Kompas 30 Agustus 2007 Mengenai Teknologi 3G
Pembangunan jaringan 3G yang kini sudah ada di beberapa kota besar merupakan senjata baru bagi operator 3G untuk memasuki era konvergensi, di mana telekomunikasi masa depan adalah produk-produk berbasis internet protocol (IP). Salah satu keunggulan teknologi 3G adalah kemampuannya menyalurkan komunikasi data dengan cepat. Ringkasnya, 3G identik dengan mobile broadband internet. Bisa dipastikan akses internet melalui jaringan 3G jauh lebih nyaman dibandingkan dengan koneksi jenis lain yang sekarang banyak digunakan oleh para pengakses internet. Namun, haruslah diingat 3G-HSDPA memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal kapasitas. Satu Node B idealnya bisa dipakai sampai sekitar 10-20 orang (secara bersamaan) untuk bisa mendapatkan akses prima. Untuk bisa meningkatkan teledensitas, bisa dibayangkan berapa banyak Node B (baca: investasi) yang dibutuhkan.
Ada tiga alasan mengapa 3G menjadi pilihan koneksi internet. Pertama, mobilitas, di mana saja sepanjang ada jaringan 3G bisa dilakukan koneksi ke internet. Kedua, kecepatan sekelas broadband dari 358 Kbps hingga 1,6 Mbps. Ketiga, gampang digunakan baik dalam prosedur berlangganan maupun proses instalasinya.
Kehadiran teknologi 3G juga menghadirkan berbagai perangkat yang memberikan kemudahan untuk memanfaatkan akses broadband seluler dalam kecepatan tinggi. Fenomena ini ditandai dengan semakin banyak perangkat yang ditawarkan, mulai dari modem data untuk mengakses jaringan internet sampai perangkat kamera yang bisa menjadi video call atau pemantau keamanan jarak jauh.
Ketersediaan teknologi 3G, termasuk koneksi HSDPA, akan berhasil kalau CPE yang tersedia di pasaran mudah didapat dengan harga yang terjangkau. Ketersediaan CPE ini menjadi penting dan baru memberikan makna bagi penggelaran teknologi 3G dan berbagai turunannya, bukan hanya modem untuk mengakses data saja, tetapi juga ponsel yang berkemampuan 3G. Dengan demikian, bagi kita, menjadi mengherankan apabila ada operator yang berani mengklaim bahwa pelanggan 3G mereka sudah mencapai 3,1 juta dengan jumlah pengguna akses data generasi ketiga seluler ini mencapai 400.000 pelanggan. Klaim tersebut tidak masuk akal karena CPE dan ponsel 3G di Indonesia yang diimpor belum mencapai jumlah tersebut.
Rabu, 29 Agustus 2007
KUIS_30Agustus2007
1. Dampak-dampak teknologi internet :
• Banyaknya pornografi yang disebarluaskan di internet
• Banyaknya pembajakan hak cipta
• Banyaknya hacker-hacker
• Manusia sudah terlalu mengandalkan kemampuan teknologi
Dampak-dampak teknologi televisi :
• Membuat seseorang malas beraktivitas
• Membuat manusia menjadi ketergantungan terhadap suatu acara
Dampak-dampak teknologi televisi secara garis besar :
• Level of Act (tingkat perilaku manusia)
• Type of Act (contoh-contoh perilaku)
• Intentionality (premeditated to accidental)
• Degree of Harm to victims
• Type of Harm (physical, emotional, psychological)
• Level of Openness (covert to overt)
• Level of Reality (fantasy to full reality)
• Level of Humor (farce to serious)
2. Global village
global village adalah sebuah istilah yang muncul karena disebabkan oleh suatu perkembangan teknologi yang memampukan manusia untuk memiliki jaringan komunikasi antar negara (global), dimana penggunaannya sangat tinggi dalam kuantitas sehingga memunculkan sebuah komunitas yang disebut global village.
teknologi yang digunakan adalah internet
3. Hubungan perkembangan teknologi dengan :
• PR
- menggunakan internet sebagai sarana untuk mempermudah kinerja karyawan
- menggunakan internet untuk mempermudah menjalin hubungan antara stakeholder dengan shareholder
• Jurnalistik
- mempermudah wartawan menyampaikan beritanya ke seluruh penjuru dunia bahkan secara langsung
- memperlancar wartawan mencari berita secara mudah dan cepat
- memperlancar komunikasi antar wartawan
• IMC
- mempermudah memasarkan dengan menggunakan internet, contohnya dengan menggunakan website-website
- mempermudah seseorang menggunakan slideshow Microsoft office untuk mempresentasikan apa yang ingin diiklankan
Sumber :
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
www.wikipedia.com
Violence on Television, Barrie Gunter, Jackie Harrison, Maggie Wykes
• Banyaknya pornografi yang disebarluaskan di internet
• Banyaknya pembajakan hak cipta
• Banyaknya hacker-hacker
• Manusia sudah terlalu mengandalkan kemampuan teknologi
Dampak-dampak teknologi televisi :
• Membuat seseorang malas beraktivitas
• Membuat manusia menjadi ketergantungan terhadap suatu acara
Dampak-dampak teknologi televisi secara garis besar :
• Level of Act (tingkat perilaku manusia)
• Type of Act (contoh-contoh perilaku)
• Intentionality (premeditated to accidental)
• Degree of Harm to victims
• Type of Harm (physical, emotional, psychological)
• Level of Openness (covert to overt)
• Level of Reality (fantasy to full reality)
• Level of Humor (farce to serious)
2. Global village
global village adalah sebuah istilah yang muncul karena disebabkan oleh suatu perkembangan teknologi yang memampukan manusia untuk memiliki jaringan komunikasi antar negara (global), dimana penggunaannya sangat tinggi dalam kuantitas sehingga memunculkan sebuah komunitas yang disebut global village.
teknologi yang digunakan adalah internet
3. Hubungan perkembangan teknologi dengan :
• PR
- menggunakan internet sebagai sarana untuk mempermudah kinerja karyawan
- menggunakan internet untuk mempermudah menjalin hubungan antara stakeholder dengan shareholder
• Jurnalistik
- mempermudah wartawan menyampaikan beritanya ke seluruh penjuru dunia bahkan secara langsung
- memperlancar wartawan mencari berita secara mudah dan cepat
- memperlancar komunikasi antar wartawan
• IMC
- mempermudah memasarkan dengan menggunakan internet, contohnya dengan menggunakan website-website
- mempermudah seseorang menggunakan slideshow Microsoft office untuk mempresentasikan apa yang ingin diiklankan
Sumber :
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
www.wikipedia.com
Violence on Television, Barrie Gunter, Jackie Harrison, Maggie Wykes
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