mira&friends

kuis pertekom 2, 8 November 2007

2007-11-08T00:10:00.000-08:00

1. Bagaimana pergeseran perilaku dengan etika berkomunkasi jika di kaitkan dengan adanya konvergensi digital dewasa ini?

Etika berkomunikasi jaman dulu adalah hanya menggunakan telepon, fax, dan surat. Jadi apa kebiasaan orang dulu adalah hanya menggunakan kesedian tersebut, berbeda dengan orang-orang jaman sekarang, yang sangat memaksimalkan dengan adanya internet, handphone dan email. Pada jaman komunikasi lama, telepon, fax, dan surat adalah satu-satunya cara berkomunikasi jarak jauh, bahkan tariff telepon yang sangat mahal, membuat orang menggunkan surat untuk berkomunikasi terhadap internasional. Tetapi surat-surat tersebut memakan waktu yang lumayan lama, tetapi pada komunikasi baru, anda hanya membutuhkan email, bahkan anda tidak perlu membawa surat yang harus dikirim ke pos pos terdekat, anda hanya membutuhkan koneksi internet, dan dengan hitungan menit, email yang anda kirim pun akan sampai ke tujuan yang anda kirimkan, dengan gratis.
Ini sangat memanjakan orang-orang jaman sekarang untuk lebih menggunakan komunikasi baru, dan membantu komunikasi orang-orang menjadi lebih mudah.

2. Bagaimana peranan teknologi komunikasi dalam mendukung ‘good governance’ khususnya dalam sector pendidikan perguruan tinggi?

Peran teknologi ìGood governanceî untuk membantu pengguruan tinggi sangatlah membuat pendidikan lebih mudah, dengan teknologi yang tersedia sekarang, seperti Wi-fi yang tersedia di kampus, sangat memudahkan mahasiswa untuk mencari informasi-informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk perkuliahan, apalagi informasi yang tersedia di internet sangatlah banyak.
Dengan teknologi juga, perpustakan yang tersedia di kampus seperti ìUphî sangat membantu kinerja perpustakan itu sendiri, dengan computer yang tersedia untuk mencari-mencari stock buku yang ada atau tidak ada. Ataupun letak-letak buku tersebut di perpustakaan tersebut. Dan yang paling penting adalah, dosen yang mengajar di kampus sangat membutuhkan dengan adanya bantuan teknologi, seperti computer, projector untuk membantu menjelaskan bahan-bahan kuliah.
Karena adanya teknologi internet, bahkan sebagian kampus-kampus pun banyak yang menggunakan sarana internet sebagai pembagian informasi-informasi penting kepada mahasiswanya, seperti Hasil ujian, Pembayaran semester, dll.

3. Identifikasikan sejumlah kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman jika sebuah industri bisnis hendak beralih dari pemanfaatan komunikasi lama (konvensional) ke komunikasi baru (digital)!
- komunikasi lama, co : telepon, fax, surat menyurat
- komunikasi baru , co : internet, email, voip, unified messaging communication

SWOT
Strength – Dapat melakukan pertukaran informasi dengan jangkauan yang global, cepat, dan praktis.

Weakness –Masih sering ada kesalahan teknis. Misalnya, e-mail pemesanan produk oleh konsumen statusnya “sent (terkirim)” namun tidak diterima oleh perusahaan karena hal-hal teknis.

Opportunity Penyebaran iklan produk dengan biaya lebih murah namun jangkauan lebih luas. Konsumen lebih mudah melakukan transaksi, sehingga penjualan dapat meningkat.

Threat Komunikasi digital ini (internet, dll.) dapat dengan mudah diperoleh siapa saja yang potensial untuk menjadi pesaing bisnis. Hacker.

video pertekom 2

2007-11-07T23:31:00.000-08:00

Mixed Reality

Mixed Reality is the merging of real world and virtual worlds to produce new environments where physical and digital objects can co-exist and interact in real-time. It is a mix of augmented reality, augmented virtuality and virtual reality. Combining a variety of 3D modelling, tracking, haptic feedback, computer human interface, simulation, rendering and display techniques, mixing realities can be a complex process at the very cutting edge of today’s technology.

A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment intended for its users to inhabit and interact via avatars. This habitation usually is represented in the form of two or three-dimensional graphical representations of humanoids (or other graphical or text-based avatars). Some, but not all, virtual worlds allow for multiple users.
The world being computer-simulated typically appears similar to the real world, with real world rules such as gravity, topography, locomotion, real-time actions, and communication.

Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Users can interact with a virtual environment or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus boom arm, and omnidirectional treadmill. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or combat training, or it can differ significantly from reality, as in VR games. In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution and communication bandwidth. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome as processor, imaging and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.

U.S. Navy personnel using a VR parachute trainer

There is no more doubt that, now days mixed reality are helping human to maximize the use of the computer, such as training by visual and mixed reality like the picture above.
It can minimize the cost, by using a simulator for experiment it on a virtual world, not in a real world. Not only for the use of human to experiment any virtual experiment, but also to entertainments, such as 2 Dimensional Graphical or 3 Dimensional Graphical to create a car Cartoon, such as Movie, Games, or any Educative movie for children.

video pertekom

2007-11-01T01:10:00.000-07:00

2.
-Komunikasi virtual, dipahami sebagai virtual reality pada ruang lingkup (alam maya) dengan menggunakan internet. Komunikasi virtual sebenarnya dilakukan dengan cara representasi informasi digital yang bersifat diskrit.
A Network-based System Architecture for
Remote Medical Applications

- Remote Medical Network (http://web.it.kth.se/~axel/papers/2007/APAN-HuiminShe.pdf)
Huimin She1, 2
1Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
2ASIC & System State Key Lab., Dept. of
Microelectronics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
Tel: +46-8-790-4247
Zhonghai Lu
Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Tel: +46-8-790-4110
zhonghai@kth.se
huimin@kth.se
Axel Jantsch, Li-Rong Zheng
Dept. of Electronic, Computer and Software
Systems, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Tel: +46-8-790-4124, +46-8-790-4104
{axel, lrzheng}@kth.se
Dian Zhou
ASIC & System State Key Lab., Dept. of
Microelectronics, Fudan Univ., Shanghai, China
Tel: +86-21-5135-5286
zhoud@fudan.edu.cn

ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the evolution of wireless communication and network
technologies enables remote medical services to be available
everywhere in the world. In this paper, a network-based system
architecture adopting wireless personal area network (WPAN)
protocol IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard and 3G communication
networks for remote medical applications is proposed. In the
proposed system, the number and type of medical sensors are
scalable depending on individual needs. This feature allows the
system to be flexibly applied in several medical applications.
Furthermore, a differentiated service using priority scheduling and
data compression is introduced. This scheme can not only reduce
transmission delay for critical physiological signals and enhance
bandwidth utilization at the same time, but also decrease power
consumption of the hand-held personal server which uses battery
as the energy source.

Categories and Subject Descriptors
J.3 [Computer applications]: Life and Medical Sciences –
medical information systems

General Terms
Design, Performance

Keywords
System architecture, Sensor network, Remote medical
applications

1. INTRODUCTION
In medical applications, collecting patient physiological
information timely is crucial for clinicians to make treatment
advices in time, which is of large importance for saving lives and
ensuring patient’s safety. The development of wireless
communication and network technologies has made a significant
impact on remote medical applications during last few years [9]. It
makes remote health care at home or in the hospital practically
feasible and comfortable. Although face-to-face communication
between a patient and a clinician can not be replaced, there are
efficient and flexible ways to provide remote medical care by
adopting wireless telemedicine which has many advantages.
Firstly, clinicians can read patients’ physiological parameters in
time and then give real-time diagnosis advices which are
important to patients’ recovery. Secondly, patients can measure
their physiological signals and then send them to the hospital
remotely without the necessity to go to the hospital. Thirdly,
patients can move around freely while carrying wireless hand-held
medical devices. And finally, with the help of this system, a
clinician can take care of a few patients simultaneously, and thus
the personnel expense will be reduced.
In traditional approaches, remote medical services are
implemented over wired communication technologies like the
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) [5] [7]. Most current
telemedicine applications are limited to communications between
fixed locations with conventional handsets. These heavy medical
devices will prevent the patients from moving around freely. In
[3], some ongoing and emerging applications of wireless
information technology in health care are investigated. With the
development of mobile communication technologies, such as
GSM, GPRS, especially 3G networks, wireless medical service
can be delivered to any locations flexibly. In recent years, there
are many new applications in health provision using mobile
technology [1] [2] [10]. 3G communication network provides a
broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice,
video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps. It offers a
consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no
Copyright is held by the author/owner(s)
Asia Pacific Advanced Network 2007, 27-31 August 2007, Xi’an,
People’s Republic of China.
Network Research Workshop, 27 August 2007, Xi’an, People’s Republic
of China.
matter where they are located in the world. In [14], a portable
teletrauma system using commercially available 3G wireless
cellular data services is introduced. However, they did not
mention the communication between medical sensors and the
trauma-patient unit.
In this paper, a network-based system architecture for remote
medical applications using low power IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
standard and commercially available 3G networks is proposed. In
our proposed system, the number and type of medical sensors are
scalable depending on individual requirements. This feature
allows this system to be flexibly applied to a wide range of
medical applications such as continuous home monitoring and inhospital
health care. Moreover, a differentiated service using data
compression and priority scheduling is introduced. This scheme
can reduce transmission latency for critical physiological signals
and decrease power consumption of the hand-held personal server
which uses battery as the power source.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In section II, the
system architectures including medical sensors, the personal
server and the differentiated service are presented. In section III,
an example use case is discussed. Finally, conclusions are made in
section IV.

2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

2.1 Overview of system architecture
The whole system architecture is shown in figure 1. It is
composed of medical sensor nodes, a hand-held personal server, a
hospital server and related services. In this system, medical sensor
nodes are used to collect physiological signals including biosignals,
medical images, and voice signals. These obtained signals
are fed into the personal server through wireless personal area
network (WPAN). The wireless communication between the
sensor nodes and the hand-held personal server uses IEEE
820.15.4/Zigbee standard. Then the hand-held personal server
processes the data and displays the results on its LCD screen. And
the data can be stored in a local memory for self recording. If
necessary or required, the data can be transmitted to the hospital
server via 3G communication networks. With the availability of
3G networks, digitalized data and voice can be transmitted
simultaneously. After arriving at the hospital server, the data are
either stored in the clinical data base, or available to a clinician
through a hospital’s local area network (LAN). Then clinicians
can analyze the physiological data and give diagnosis advices
accordingly. Alternatively, when a clinician is away from the
hospital, he/she still can get the data via a PDA and give diagnosis
advices to the patient remotely.

Figure 1. The system architecture
In this system, the number and type of medical sensor nodes to
build the local personal network are variable depending on
individual’s needs. This feature makes the system flexible with a
lot of medical applications such as remote health care, home
monitoring, disaster and emergency monitoring. Furthermore, this
system provides convenience for patients as well as for clinicians.
For patients, they can get medical service at home or any other
places they prefer. And they can move around freely while
carrying light hand-held medical device. For clinicians, they can
give diagnosis suggestions to patients remotely without the
necessity to go to the hospital if nothing emergency happens. In
the following three sub-sections, more detailed descriptions about
medical sensors, the hand-held personal server, and the
differentiated service will be presented.
2.2 Medical sensors and wireless personal
area network
The main tasks of the medical sensors are to collect physiological
signals and send them to the personal server. Typical medical
sensors and characteristics of the signals are shown in table 1 [13].
In this system, the type and number of medical sensors are
scalable depending on applications. Several commonly used
medical sensors are briefly introduced as follows:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) is the most widely used
technique for cardiac disease diagnosing. The researchers in
Harvard University have developed sensor boards for both
the Mica2/MicaZ and Telos mote platforms that provide
continuous ECG monitoring by measuring the differential
across a single pair of electrodes [12].
2) Electroencephalograph (EEG) is the neurophysiologic
measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by
recording from electrodes placed on the scalp. It is capable of
detecting changes in electrical activity in the brain on a
millisecond-level.
3) Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the
resting potential of the retina. The resulting signal is called
the electrooculogram. The main applications are in
ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements.
4) Electromyogram (EMG) is a medical technique for
evaluating and recording physiologic properties of muscles at
rest and while contracting.

Table 1. Characteristics of biomedical signals

Signal Frequency

Range Signal Range
Electrocardiograph
(ECG) 0.05~100 Hz 0.01~5 mV
Electroencephalograph
(EEG) 0.5~60 Hz 15~100 mV
Electrooculogram
(EOG) 0.5~50 Hz N/A
Electromyogram
(EMG) 0.5~60 Hz N/A
Heart Rate 45~200 beats/min N/A
Breathing Rate 12~40 breaths/min N/A
Blood pressure dc-60 Hz 40~300mmHg
Depending on the characteristic of digitized physiological signals,
a low data rate, short range and low power protocol is appropriate
for the data transmission between medical sensors and the
personal server. The IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard is adopted in
this system. The IEEE Standard 802.15.4 describes a very low rate
wireless technology that is designed for communication among
wireless devices within a short range, using very low power and
with low data rate requirements [11]. In [6], IEEE 802.15.4
standard is utilized for medical sensor body area networking. And
the performance of this protocol is analyzed. The simulation
results show that IEEE Std. 802.15.4 can be used for medical
sensor networking with low data rate asymmetric traffic when
properly configured.
In the proposed system, various sampling rates and quantization
levels are used when the biomedical signals are digitized before
sent to the hospital server. Taking ECG as an example, a relatively
low sampling frequency of 128 Hz is appropriate for a good
representation of ECG signals, while a sampling rate of 250Hz
with 16-bit resolution has been used in ECG characterization
processing. From table 1, we can see that ECG generates the
highest data rate among the patient’s vital signals, which is about
10 kB/s. Then the low data rate wireless technology IEEE
802.15.4/Zigbee standard, which supports data rate of 250 kbit/s
at 2.4GHz frequency band, can be adopted for communication
between medical sensors and the personal server.

2.3 The personal server
Previous descriptions show that the personal server plays an
important role in overall telemedicine system. It is designed as a
hand-held unit which can be used to communicate parallelly with
a series of scalable medical sensor nodes as well as a remote
hospital server. It maintains a communication bridge between
patients and the hospital. Medical sensors start to collect data
(such as ECG) after getting the command from the personal server
and then send it to the personal server via wireless personal area
network (WPAN). Results (e.g. body temperature or blood
pressure) can be displayed on LCD screen of the personal server.
And data may be sent to the remote hospital server for further
processing if necessary. In general, the personal server performs
the following tasks: 1) Initialization and configuration of medical
sensor nodes. 2) Collecting data from medical sensors. 3)
Processing physiological data and displaying results. 4) Keeping
reliable communication with remote hospital server. 5) Providing
a graphic user interface. 6) Providing voice communication
between patients and physicians.
The diagram of the personal server is shown in Figure 2. The main
components of the personal server are listed as follows:
1) Processor & Memory module: The processor manages the
connections and data flow among all modules. It also takes
charge of initialization and configuration of connected
medical sensor nodes.
2) User Interface: The LCD screen is used for showing
measurement results (e.g. body temperature) and the
keyboard is used to input request from patient. For example,
for heart disease patients, an ECG measurement or blood
pressure testing can be taken if required.
3) Communication module: This module consists of two submodules—
a data transceiver and a Zigbee module, which
respectively manage communicating with the hospital server
and medical sensor nodes. The data transceiver sub-module
is used to transmit data to the hospital server as well as get
command from it. The Zigbee sub-module is used to
communicate with medical sensor nodes which require a low
data rate and short range communication link. To reduce
power consumption, in this design, IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
standard is adopted for the communication between medical
sensor nodes and the hand-held personal server.

Figure 2. Diagram of the personal server
4) Bio-signal Analyzer: The main tasks of the personal server
are to collect and process physiological data from medical
sensor nodes. Bio-signal analyzer module is used to analyze
bio-signals and performs parameter extraction under the
remote clinician’s request. For example, among the patient’s
vital signals, ECG generates the highest data rate, which is
about 10 kB/s. R-interval analysis can be performed to
determine the peaks through setting the threshold and first
derivative for a standard peak function. By transmitting
certain R-intervals instead of the whole ECG waveform, the
data rate can be lowered and power consumption can be
reduced subsequently.
5) Speech Recognition: This module is used to record voice
signals and sounds from the patient especially during
sleeping-time. When there are abnormal snoring sounds,
alarms will be made to inform the care giver or wake up the
patient himself/herself.
6) Alarm Maker: If one of the physiological signals exceeds the
threshold that is pre-set, this module will make alarms to
inform the clinician or a care giver. Then the patient will get
corresponding treatment in time.
7) Voice Module: This module is used to provide voice
communication between the hand-held personal server and
the hospital. Conversations can be started by either side.
With the help of this module, the patient can communicate
with the physician more directly and effectively.
8) Power Supply: This module is used to provide energy for
other modules.

2.4 Differentiated services
Among patients who had heart attacks, about 30% of them died
even before reaching the hospital [8]. Although heart attack can
happen suddenly without apparent indications, if correct
instructions can be made immediately, then mortality can be
reduced. So providing timely access to patient information is
crucial for saving lives and ensuring patients’ safety. Therefore,
providing guaranteed service and reducing transmission latency
for critical physiological signals is of great importance for lifethreatening
medical applications. On the other hand, since the
personal server is powered by battery, power consumption has
great impact on the efficiency of wireless personal area network
(WPAN) and prolonging the working time of the personal server.
As all know, reducing the transmission period will improve
overall bandwidth utilization as well as decrease power
consumption. In order to reduce transmission delay for critical
physiological signals, improve overall bandwidth utilization and
reduce power consumption, a differentiated service based on two
schemes --- priority scheduling and data compression --- is
proposed.
A. Priority scheduling & data compression
Depending on the characteristics of different physiological signals,
the traffic from medical sensors is divided into four types
according to their data rates and latency requirements. The four
types of traffic are: 1) high data-rate and low latency traffic; 2)
low data-rate and low latency traffic; 3) low data-rate and high
latency traffic; 4) high-data rate and high latency traffic. Low
latency means that the signal is critical, and its transmission delay
should be as short as possible. Each type of traffic is assigned a
priority weight which implies its transmission order when there
are several types of physiological signals to be sent. In table 2, an
example of priorities for different traffic types is shown. However,
the ‘high’ and ‘low’ defined here are relative. And the priority
weight can be assigned dynamically during the initialization
process of the personal server according to a specific application.
For example, when monitoring heart disease patients, ECG has the
highest priority; while monitoring head disease patients, EEG has
the highest priority and so on. For high data-rate and high latency
signal (such as medical image), it will be compressed according to
a given ratio and stored in local memory until its deadline expired.
And for other signals, they will be sent out immediately according
to their priority orders.

Table 2. Priorities for different traffic types
Data Type Data rate Latency Priority
ECG High Low 1
EEG, EOG, EMG Low Low 2
Heart rate &
Blood pressure &
Body temperature
Low High 3
Medical Image High High 4
B. The differentiated service
A flowchart of the differentiated service is shown in figure 3. The
personal server has two working modes, which are inactive mode
and active mode. When there is no workload, the personal server
will turn into inactive mode to save energy. And if there is
workload, the personal server wakes up from inactive mode and is
ready for transmission. If the physiological signals are critical,
they will be sent to the hospital server according to their priority
orders. From previous definitions, we know that physiological
signals with low latency requirement are critical signals and others
are non-critical signals. For non-critical physiological signals,
they will be compressed according to a given compression ratio
and then stored in local memory. If there is no other data to send,
non-critical physiological signals will be sent to the hospital
immediately. Otherwise, they will not be sent to the hospital
server until their deadlines expired.

Figure 3. Differentiated service flow
For life-threatening medical applications, timely access to the
patient’s physiological information is crucial for providing correct
treatment in time and improving the overall safety of the patient’s
care. By providing distinguishing services for different
physiological signals, the priority scheduling scheme not only
reduces the transmission delay for critical physiological signals,
but also decreases the probability of traffic congestion. Thus the
overall quality of service (QoS) is improved. The number of sent
packets is reduced by adopting the data compression scheme.
Therefore the bandwidth utilization is improved and the total
transmission time is reduced. Since the communication module of
the personal server consumes a big proportion of the whole energy,
thus the energy can be reduced when the total transmission time is
shortened. In a word, by using the differentiated service, the
transmission delay of critical physiological signals is reduced and
bandwidth utilization is enhanced at the same time. Moreover, the
power consumption is reduced.

3. AN EXAMPLE USE CASE
With the development of wireless technologies, telemedicine has
become practically feasible and increasingly popular. Health
telematics applications enable the availability of prompt and
professional medical care at understaffed areas like rural health
centers, ambulance vehicles, trains, ships and patient home
monitoring. With the help of wireless personal area sensor
network, complete home patient monitoring becomes
technologically feasible and comfortable (figure 4[4]). Moreover,
with this telemedicine system, in-hospital health caring will
become more convenient. Physicians and nurses do not need to
always stay with patients. They can read and analyze patients’
physiological data via telemedicine system and then give
diagnosing advice remotely. And staff expense will be reduced
subsequently. In this section, an example of patient home
monitoring is discussed.
The picture of a telemedicine system for patient home monitoring
is shown in figure 4, it is an example taken from [4]. It consists of
several medical sensors put on the patient’s body, a hand-held
personal server, a remote hospital server and related services. The
medical sensors which can measure ECG, SpO2, body temperature,
and blood pressure independently. The sensors and the hand-held
personal server form a local personal area network which uses
short range, low power protocol IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standard.
This local personal area network is scalable depending on the
medical applications and the number of physiological sensors
involved. And the communication between local personal server
and remote hospital server uses commercially available 3G
communication networks.

Figure 4. A telemedicine system[4]
The whole system works as follows. At first, a physician or nursecontrolled
remote hospital server determines when a new
measurement is needed, and then it gives commands to the local
hand-held personal server via 3G networks. After receiving the
commands, the personal server starts to initialize and configure
the medical sensors. And then a wireless personal area network
(WPAN) is formed automatically. According to the commands
from the hospital server, each type of physiological signal is
assigned a priority weight which indicates its critical level. And
the priority weight can be assigned dynamically depending on the
application. (For example, a larger priority weight will be
assigned to ECG signals than body temperature for heart disease
patient. Then ECG signals will be processed and sent earlier than
body temperature if both of them arrived at the personal at the
same time). For seriously-sick patients, a threshold of
corresponding physiological signal can be pre-set. If the signal
exceeds the threshold, the local personal server will generate
alarm to inform a care giver or the patient himself. This
mechanism improves the safety of patients and reduces staff
expense at the same time. The local personal server works in two
modes --- active mode and inactive mode. When there is workload,
it will wake up from the inactive mode to the active mode. The
physiological sensors either automatically or manually triggered
to collect required data. The measured physiological signals are
transmitted to the personal server via a wireless personal area
network (WPAN). The personal server will process and store the
data in local storage for self recording. If required, the signals will
be transmitted to the remote hospital server at different orders
according to their priorities. After arriving at the hospital server,
these data will be analyzed by the physician. And then treatment
advices will be given or corresponding measures can be taken.

4. CONCLUSION
A network-based system architecture for remote medical
applications is introduced in this paper. By using IEEE
802.15.4/Zigbee standard and commercially available 3G
networks, this system can be used either at home for continuous
monitoring or in hospital for health care with strong scalability
and flexibility. According to different emergency levels of
physiological signal, a differentiated service based on priority
scheduling and data compression is presented. The proposed
scheme not only greatly reduces transmission delay for critical
physiological signals and enhances bandwidth utilization at the
same time, but also reduces power consumption of the hand-held
personal server. This mechanism improves quality of service (QoS)
of the overall system which is very important for life-critical
medical applications. The future work is to build experiment
environment based on the proposed system architecture.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Liping Wang at National Institute of
Informatics (NII), Tokyo, Japan, for the fruitful discussions. We
also thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.

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Arbeille, and P. Vieyres, “Clinical validation of a mobile
patient-expert tele-echography system using ISDN lines”, in
Proc. 4th Int. IEEE/EMBS Special Topic Conf. Inform.
Technol. Applicat. Biomed., Birmingham, U.K., April 2003,
pp. 23–26.
[8] Pertersen S., Peto V. and Rayner M., “Coronary heart disease
statistics 2004”, British Heart Foundation, June 2004
[9] R. S. H. Istepanian, E. Jovanov, Y. T. Zhang, “Guest
editorial introduction to the special section on M-health:
beyond seamless mobility and global wireless health-care
connectivity”, IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in
Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, December 2004.
[10] R. S. H. Istepanian, B. Woodward, and C. I. Richards,
“Advances in telemedicine using mobile communications”,
in Proc. 23rd Annu. Int. IEEE/EMBS Conf., Istanbul, Turkey,
2001, pp. 3556–3558.
[11]Sinem Coleri Ergen, “Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary”, UC
Berkeley, September 2004.
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/courses/838/papers/zigbee.p
df
[12]V. Shnayder, B. Chen, “Sensor networks for medical care”,
Technical Report TR-08-05, Division of Engineering and
Applied Science, Harvard University, 2005.
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~brchen/papers/codebluetechrept05.
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[13] W. J. Tompkins, Ed., Biomedical Digital Signal Processing.
London, U.K: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[14]Yuechun Chu and Aura Ganz, “A mobile teletrauma system
using 3G networks”, IEEE Trans. on Information
Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, December 2004.

3.
Robart III adalah demonstrasi untuk perlindungan untuk ukuran respon.
ROBART III is an advanced demonstration platform for non-lethal security response measures, incorporating reflexive teleoperated control concepts developed on the earlier ROBART II system. The addition of threat-response capability to the detection and assessment features developed on previous systems (ROBART I and ROBART II) has been motivated by increased military interest in Law Enforcement and Operations Other Than War.
Like the MDARS robotic security system being developed at NCCOSC RDTE DIV (the Navy's Command Control and Communications center in San Diego, called NRaD for short), ROBART III will be capable of autonomously navigating in semi-structured environments such as office buildings and warehouses. Reflexive teleoperation mode employs the vehicle's extensive onboard sensor suite to prevent collisions with obstacles when the human operator assumes control and remotely drives the vehicle to investigate a situation of interest.
The non-lethal-response weapon incorporated in the ROBART III system is a pneumatically-powered dart gun capable of firing a variety of 3/16-inch-diameter projectiles, including tranquilizer darts. A Gatling-gun style rotating barrel arrangement allows six shots with minimal mechanical complexity. All six darts can be fired individually or in rapid succession, and a visible-red laser sight is provided to facilitate manual operation under joystick control using video relayed to the operator from the robot's head-mounted camera.
This paper presents a general description of the overall ROBART III system, with focus on sensor-assisted reflexive teleoperation of both navigation and weapon firing, and various issues related to non-lethal response capabilities.

2007-10-04T01:13:00.000-07:00

1. Tahun lalu, dua media iklan yang paling utama adalah koran, dengan belanja iklan US$55,7 miliar ($1 = Rp 9275, sumber: detikcom) diikuti televisi dengan jumlah uang iklan US$ 48,7 miliar. Namun pada tahun 2011, Internet diperkirakan bakal menjadi media iklan terbesar dengan jumlah transaksi yang beredar US$ 63 miliar.

Sementara itu pada 2006, konsumen menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya di depan televisi dan kemudian radio. Kombinasi keduanya mencapai jumlah 70 persen dari total waktu yang dihabiskan orang untuk media. Rekaman musik berada di urutan selanjutnya dengan presentase 5,3 persen diikuti koran dengan 5 persen. Internet berada di urutan terakhir dengan presentase 5 persen saja.

Namun pada tahun 2007 ini, studi tersebut meramalkan bahwa presentase penggunaan Internet akan meningkat dengan mencapai angka 5,1 persen. Hal sebaliknya justru terjadi pada akses koran dan rekaman musik yang diprediksi akan turun menjadi 4,9 persen.

Di sisi lain, waktu yang dihabiskan untuk mengakses media juga akan lebih banyak di tempat kerja karena adanya Internet. Studi ini menandaskan bahwa akses terhadap media terutama Internet oleh pekerja meningkat sebanyak 3,2 persen pada tahun 2006, dan angka ini diprediksi akan terus tumbuh.

(www.detikinet.com)

Banyak orang yang mengatakan bahwa Internet dapat membuat tutupnya media publikasi konvensional yang hanya mengandalkan media cetak. Hype ini belum terbukti. Hal ini disebabkan karena dahulu untuk menayangkan (publish) sebuah tulisan di Internet dibutuhkan kemampuan coding HTML. Kemudian muncul alat bantu yang mempermudah penulisan HTML. Namun ini masih kurang. Hasil tampilan masih pas-pasan saja.
Muncullah blogger dengan alat bantu penulisan dan cara penyajian yang menarik. Ada mekanisme untuk mengubah tema (theme, style) dari tampilan dengan hanya menekan beberapa tombol saja. Hasilnya adalah tampilan yang sebanding dengan tampilan dari media cetak.
Hanya, masalah konvensional masih belum dipecahkan, yaitu mencari sumber tulisan yang bagus. Yang ini ternyata masih belum bisa diotomatiskan. Masih harus dilakukan oleh orang. Mungkin suatu saat ini bisa diotomatiskan dengan menggunakan program intelegensia buatan yang dijalankan oleh komputer? Kita tinggal menuliskan plotnya, memilih temanya (serius, komedi), dan kemudian sang komputer menuliskan detailnya.
Nah, kalau sudah begitu maka media baru ini baru bisa mulai dikatakan membunuh media konvensional. Tapi mungkin ini masih belum cukup. Saya masih ingat lagu "video kills radio star". Ternyata video tidak membunuh bintang radio, bahkan membantu penjualan album bintang radio tersebut. Nampaknya media baru ini tidak membunuh media konvensional, malah meningkatkan penjualannya. Siapa yang mau eksperimen?

(www.techno-media.blogspot.com)

2. Prospek Industri Internet di Indonesia
(source: http://www.pentasi.net/article.php?act=detail&pid=236)

Potensi Internet Masih Besar

Potensi industri Internet di Tanah Air dinilai cukup besar dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang dapat mencapai dua kali lipat setiap tahunnya, asalkan para pelakunya tepat dalam memposisikan bisnisnya.

"Dari indikator yang ada, seperti jumlah pelanggan, tingkat penetrasi dan kebutuhan, industri ini menyimpan potensi yang cukup besar, hanya belum tergarap secara maksimal," kata Heru Nugoro, Sekjen Asosiasi Pengusaha Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII).

Menurut dia, kebutuhan akses Internet di segmen komersial (perusahaan) semakin besar sejalan dengan kompetisi yang semakin ketat. Internet menjadi sarana baru dalam menjalankan bisnis.

Segmen usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM), lanjut Heru, kini juga membutuhkan akses Internet untuk menjalankan usahanya. Hal ini juga didorong ketersediaan aplikasi e-business yang semakin terjangkau bagi segmen tersebut.

Di luar segmen pengguna komersial, dia mengatakan kebutuhan akses Internet didorong oleh pengaruh gaya hidup. "Contohnya, sekolah yang tidak memiliki Internet kini ditinggalkan karena bukan sekolah yang difavoritkan," katanya.

Di antara berbagai peluang tersebut, Heru mengatakan masih banyak pengusaha yang bergerak di industri ini kurang memposisikan bisnisnya dengan tepat, salah satunya adalah Warung Internet (Warnet).

Warnet dinilainya menjadi salah satu bisnis di industri Internet yang akan mengalami konsolidasi setelah mencapai puncaknya pada era 90-an. Bisnis tersebut kurang prospektif terutama di daerah-daerah yang penetrasi akses Internet-nya tinggi, seperti di kota-kota besar.

"Memang tepat kalau dikatakan bisnis Warnet saat ini ibarat mati suri karena jenis layanannya tidak berkembang, pengusaha di bidang ini harus lebih kreatif menyediakan layanan, jangan hanya akses," tutur Heru.

Menurut Heru Heru Nugoro, jasa layanan akses yang diberikan Warnet sudah tidak menarik lagi sehingga Warnet perlu mengembangkan usahanya ke layanan lain seperti penyedia aplikasi, web hosting, web page development atau sistem integrator.

Salah satu contoh yang dinilai Heru cukup berhasil adalah pengembangan Warnet menjadi penyedia jasa Internet (PJI), disamping pola RT/RW Net yang belakangan ini banyak dibicarakan.

Kendati dinilai sebagai bisnis yang kurang prospektif, dia mengatakan bisnis Warnet dalam jangka pendek masih sangat potensial di daerah-daerah miskin akses Internet.

"Setelah itu, jika ingin terus berfokus menyediakan akses, pengusaha Warnet mengembangkan usahanya sekalian menjadi PJI," ujar Heru.

Bagi pengusaha, dia berpendapat Warnet merupakan entry point untuk memasuki industri teknologi informasi sedangkan bagi pengguna, Warnet menjadi sarana pertama mengenal dunia Internet.

Jumlah pengguna Internet Indonesia tahun ini ditargetkan menembus angka 12 juta orang, atau naik dari yang semula diperkirakan APJII yakni 7.5 juta.

Pertumbuhan ini, didorong kalangan korporasi besar dan kecil, Warnet, perusahaan serta lembaga pendidikan, pesantren dan sebagainya, dimana satu pelanggan dapat melayani puluhan atau bahkan ratusan pengguna.

3. Motif orang menggunakan internet :
(source: http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/tutorial/conceptual/uses.html)

-To find general information about a subject
The Web is like a huge encyclopedia of information - in some ways it's even better. The volume of information you'll find on the Web is amazing. For every topic that you've ever wondered about, there's bound to be someone who's written a Web page about it. The Web offers many different perspectives on a single topic.
In fact you can even find online encyclopedias. Many of these are now offering a subscription service which lets you search through the complete text of the encyclopedia. There are also many free ecyclopedias that may give you a cut-down version of what you would find in a complete encyclopedia.

-To access information not easily available elsewhere
One of the great things about the Web is that it puts information into your hands that you might otherwise have to pay for or find out by less convenient means.
Snow Cams - find out what the snow's like at your favourite New Zealand ski resort without leaving your computer.
MetService (NZ)
- contains NZ, marine and mountain forecasts as well as maps and observations.
The World Clock - current local times for cities all over the world - even knows about daylight savings.
Foreign Exchange Rates - get a table with exchange rates to and from any other currency.
Village Cinemas - find out movie times without having to search for a paper.

-To correspond with faraway friends
Email offers a cheap and easy alternative to traditional methods of correspondence. It's faster and easier than writing snail mail and cheaper than using the telephone. Of course, there are disadvantages too. It's not as personal as a handwritten letter - and not as reliable either. If you spell the name of the street wrong in a conventional address, it's not too difficult for the post office to work out what you mean. However if you spell anything wrong in an email address, your mail won't be delivered (you might get it sent back to you or you might never realise).
Find out more about Email

-To meet people
The Web is generally a very friendly place. People love getting email from strangers, and friendships are quick to form from casual correspondence. The "impersonal" aspect of email tends to encourage people to reveal surprisingly personal things about themselves. When you know you will never have to meet someone face-to-face, you may find it easier to tell them your darkest secrets. Cyber-friendships have often developed into real life ones too. Many people have even found love on the Net, and have gone on to marry their cyber-partner.
To discuss their interests with like-minded people
Did you think you were alone in your obsession with a singer, TV programme, author, hobby? Chances are there's and Internet group for people like you, discussing every little detail of your obsession right now. The Republic of Pemberley is a discussion board for "Pride and Prejudice" (by Jane Austen) obsessives.
The Society of Barefoot Living is for people who go barefoot - everywhere!

-To have fun
There's no doubt that the Internet is a fun place to be. There's plenty to keep you occupied on a rainy day. Here's just a few of the many frivolous things to do on the Web:
The Waitakere Rovers Kiwiness Quiz
Send virtual flowers
Misheard Song Lyrics

-To learn
Online distance education courses can give you an opportunity to gain a qualification over the Internet.

-To read the news
The Christchurch Press On-Line is the first NZ newspaper to make it on to the Web.
The New York Times is always up to date with the latest (American) news.

-To find software
The Internet contains a wealth of useful downloadable shareware. Some pieces of shareware are limited versions of the full piece of software, other are time limited trials (you should pay once the time limit is up). Other shareware is free for educational institutes, or for non-commercial purposes. Shareware.com is a shareware archive that lets you search by keyword.

-To buy things
The security of on-line shopping is still questionable, but as long as you are dealing with a reputable company or Web Site the risks are minimal. Amazon Books is a huge American book store (they exist only on the Web and are very reputable). Their prices are very good - it's can be much cheaper to buy books from here than from NZ book stores, especially if you buy several at once to keep the shipping cost down.

Why do people put things on the Web?

-To advertise a product
Most company Web sites start up as a big advertisement for their products and services. It may be hard to see why anyone would willingly visit a 10 page ad - but these advertisements are very useful to anyone genuinely interested in finding out about their products. Companies may also give away some information for free as an incentive for people to visit their pages. Adobe Systems Incorporated - a good way to find out the facts about the excellent software that Adobe offers.

-To sell a product
Internet shopping (e-commerce) is still in its infancy - it takes a very good marketing strategy to actually make money out of selling items over the Web, but that doesn't stop lots of people from trying. Amazon Books - one of the most successful (perhaps the most successful) e-businesses.

-To make money
A popular way to make money out of the Web is from advertising revenue. Popular sites have banners at the top of the page enticing people to click them and be taken to the advertiser's Web site. These banners are generally animated and very appealing, with mysterious messages to make users wonder where they will be taken. For each person that clicks the ad, the host site gets commission. Making money this way is only successful if the site gets lots of visitors (thousands a day); so the sites must be very useful and offer something of real value to their visitors. The Alta Vista Search Engine is an example of a site that makes money from banner advertisements.
The Internet Movie Database offers a very useful and fun service - it's financed by advertising and sponsorship.

-To share their knowledge with the world
Many individuals write Web pages to share information about their interests or hobbies. They don't expect to make any money out of it - they just feel that the Web has given them so much information that the least they can do is put something into it that may be useful for others. Other rewards come from the prestige of having their site recognised as something good and the contact inspired by their pages with others sharing the same interest

4. Jumlah pengguna Internet yang besar dan semakin berkembang, telah mewujudkan budaya internet. Internet juga mempunyai pengaruh yang besar atas ilmu, dan pandangan dunia. Dengan hanya berpandukan mesin pencari seperti Google, pengguna di seluruh dunia mempunyai akses yang mudah atas bermacam-macam informasi. Dibanding dengan buku dan perpustakaan, Internet melambangkan penyebaran (decentralization) informasi dan data secara ekstrim.
Perkembangan Internet juga telah mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi. Berbagai transaksi jual beli yang sebelumnya hanya bisa dilakukan dengan cara tatap muka (dan sebagian sangat kecil melalui pos atau telepon), kini sangat mudah dan sering dilakukan melalui Internet. Transaksi melalui Internet ini dikenal dengan nama e-commerce.
Terkait dengan pemerintahan, Internet juga memicu tumbuhnya transparansi pelaksanaan pemerintahan melalui e-government.

(www.wikipedia.com)

MIDTEST UPH

2007-09-19T22:34:00.000-07:00

1.-Handphone- yang bisa dijadikan tv ukuran besar. Merekanya Brix, yang ditemukan oleh Seokwon hong. Selain kita bisa berkomunikasi dengan siapapun, dalam jarak yang relative jauh, dimasa mendatang produk ini memungkinkan kita untuk dapat terus menerima informasi-informasi global dimanapun kita berada.
-Microwave Television- adalah microwave yang digabungkan media telivisi.

Mengapa kelompok kami memilih ini, karena menurut kelompok kami, Handphone yang bisa dijadikan tv dalam ukuran besar adalah sangat berguna, karena kita bisa mendapatkan informasi yang disiarkan ditelevisi dimanapun kita berada, dan sangat mudah, hanya menggunakan handphone. Dan sangat effisien.
Dan yang kedua, Microwave Telivision. Sangat berguna untuk sering menghabiskan waktu didapur, sehingga kita tetap bisa mendapat informasi terkini dari television. Bahkan dalam saat kita didapur.

2. - mengapa ntt docomo dapat mengalami pertumbuhan bisnis/pelanggan telekomunikasi yang cukup pesat di jepang?
- coba anda jelaskan kepentingan/kemudahan konsumen yang didapat dari masa ke masa, terkait dengan inovasi teknologi yang dilakukan oleh ntt docomo (catatan: gunakan pendekatan "pertekkom")!

-Ntt docomo dijepang memberikan layanan yang canggih dengan harga yang murah, dengan handphone yang murah juga tentunya, sangat memanjakan konsumen dari masa ke masa, sehingga konsumen pun sangat terdorong untuk selalu menggunakan innovasi terbaru dari perusahaan Ntt Docomo.
Kenapa jepang? Karena menurut Ceo/President mengatakan sebelumnya layanan-layanan seperti ini digunakan hanya dimarket eropa dalam beberapa tahun lalu, tetapi sekarang jepang dan korea dianggap sebagai market yang sangat menarik dan secara financial sangat maju dan memimpin perekonomian global.

-teknonolgi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh ntt docomo, adalah dengan memberi pelayanan-pelayanan yang sangat moderen dan terjangkau. Layanan seperti inilah yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh konsumen. Ditambah lagi layanan-layanan Ntt Docomo sangatlah berguna untuk kegiatan sehari-hari, seperti orang menggunakan handphone untuk berbelanja, atau sebagai identitas diri, seperti menjadi kartu atm, kunci akses(identity key) ataupun membership card.

3. Advanced Systems Format dulunya bernama Advanced Streaming Format disingkat ASF adalah sebuah metode untuk mengalirkan (streaming) data multimedia (audio, video, atau gambar) yang didukung oleh Windows Media Player. Sebuah stream ASF dapat menggabungkan antara beberapa jenis data, mulai dari audio, video, gambar, URL, dan skrip. Dengan menggunakan Windows Media Encoder, sebuah server dapat membuat stream ASF yang mengandung audio serta video. Dengan utilitas yang sama pula, pengguna dapat membuat stream ASF yang terlebih dahulu disimpan di dalam media penyimpanan lokal, sebelum akhirnya dialirkan melalui jaringan. Layanan yang dapat mendukung pengaliran stream ASF berupa Microsoft NetShow Server dan Microsoft Windows Media Services. Dua layanan tersebut dapat melakukan transmisi secara unicast (one-to-one) maupun multicast (one-to-many).
Menurut kelompok kami, perubahan signifikan yang terjadi adalah, menggabungkan audio/video/gambar/url/script menjadi satu dengan menggunakan windows media player.

SUMBER:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompresi_video

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Form at

http://searchvoip.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,si d66_gci213055,00.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media

www.otakku.com

3G

2007-09-06T00:24:00.000-07:00

1.Kelebihan dan kekurangan layanan 3G

- TARIF, LUAS CAKUPAN AREA, DAN KECEPATAN TRANSFER DATA

Perbandingan harga antara xl,indosat, dan telkomsel. Penawaran xl, 1giga/bulan seharga 279.000, Telkomsel menawarkan paket berdasarkan waktu, dengan 40 jam perbulan, sebesar 200,000, 100jam perbulan/400.000 dan 250jam perbulan/800.000.
Dari semua penawaran, Indosat menjadi yang paling menarik, karena menawarkan kurang lebih Rp291/mb. Dengan akses kecepatan penuh, 3.5mbps. sedangkan xl Rp279/mb dengan koneksi campuran atanra 3G dan 3.5G. tergantung pada lokasi pengakses, telkomsel pake minimal 40jam, itu berarti orang mengakses kira-kira 1 ½ jam setiap hari tanpa memberikan rincian kecepatan yang dijamin untuk diakses penggunanya. Indosat menjadi provider yang jangkauanya paling luas, dan spesifikasinya jelas.

KEMUDAHAN PENDAFTARAN

XL
dapat menghubungi XL Center atau melalui e-mail di: customerservice@xl.co.id

Telkomsel
Cara pendaftaran :
Syntax : 3G
kemudian kirim ke 3636

Indosat
Cara pendaftaran :
Syntax : reg3G
kemudian kirim ke 777

2.

Kelebihan memakai internet di mana-mana sangat dibutuhkan di zaman sekarang, contohnya saja, saat waktu kuliah, ketika dosen menyuruh kita untuk membuka website untuk mencari informasi atau untuk menjawab pertanyaan, dengan mudah saya bisa memakai 3gindosat portable, yang menggunakan usb saja, dan koneksi internetnya itu sangat cepat, dibandingkan dengan internet yang tersedia di kampus, dan dengan ramainya mahasiswa yang memakai internet tersebut, maka internet dikampus sangatlah pelan, jadi setiap mata kuliah seperti perkembangan teknologi komunikasi. USB 3G itu sangatlah bermanfaat.

Mengakses internet dimana saja sangat membantu kegiatan sehari-hari, contohnya waktu saya sedang berpergian dengan keluarga saya, walaupun saya diluar saya tetap bisa mengakses internet untuk mendapatkan informasi dan jadwal-jadwal nonton di bioskop.

Dan yang terkhir mengakses internet dimana saja, dimana jika terjadi macet, kita bisa chating, sehingga macet pun tidak akan terasa begitu lama. Dengan internet yang tergolong cepat, 3G Indosat memudahkan kita untuk browsing dengan cepat, contohnya seperti kita menonton youtube.com kita tidak perlu menunggu loadingnya yang sangat lama, buffering detiknya berjalan cepat sekali, sehingga memudahakan kita menonton seperti berita-berita ataupun highlight sepakbola atau apapun yang tersedia di web tersebut.

3.

Ringkasan Harian Kompas 30 Agustus 2007 Mengenai Teknologi 3G

Pembangunan jaringan 3G yang kini sudah ada di beberapa kota besar merupakan senjata baru bagi operator 3G untuk memasuki era konvergensi, di mana telekomunikasi masa depan adalah produk-produk berbasis internet protocol (IP). Salah satu keunggulan teknologi 3G adalah kemampuannya menyalurkan komunikasi data dengan cepat. Ringkasnya, 3G identik dengan mobile broadband internet. Bisa dipastikan akses internet melalui jaringan 3G jauh lebih nyaman dibandingkan dengan koneksi jenis lain yang sekarang banyak digunakan oleh para pengakses internet. Namun, haruslah diingat 3G-HSDPA memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal kapasitas. Satu Node B idealnya bisa dipakai sampai sekitar 10-20 orang (secara bersamaan) untuk bisa mendapatkan akses prima. Untuk bisa meningkatkan teledensitas, bisa dibayangkan berapa banyak Node B (baca: investasi) yang dibutuhkan.

Ada tiga alasan mengapa 3G menjadi pilihan koneksi internet. Pertama, mobilitas, di mana saja sepanjang ada jaringan 3G bisa dilakukan koneksi ke internet. Kedua, kecepatan sekelas broadband dari 358 Kbps hingga 1,6 Mbps. Ketiga, gampang digunakan baik dalam prosedur berlangganan maupun proses instalasinya.

Kehadiran teknologi 3G juga menghadirkan berbagai perangkat yang memberikan kemudahan untuk memanfaatkan akses broadband seluler dalam kecepatan tinggi. Fenomena ini ditandai dengan semakin banyak perangkat yang ditawarkan, mulai dari modem data untuk mengakses jaringan internet sampai perangkat kamera yang bisa menjadi video call atau pemantau keamanan jarak jauh.

Ketersediaan teknologi 3G, termasuk koneksi HSDPA, akan berhasil kalau CPE yang tersedia di pasaran mudah didapat dengan harga yang terjangkau. Ketersediaan CPE ini menjadi penting dan baru memberikan makna bagi penggelaran teknologi 3G dan berbagai turunannya, bukan hanya modem untuk mengakses data saja, tetapi juga ponsel yang berkemampuan 3G. Dengan demikian, bagi kita, menjadi mengherankan apabila ada operator yang berani mengklaim bahwa pelanggan 3G mereka sudah mencapai 3,1 juta dengan jumlah pengguna akses data generasi ketiga seluler ini mencapai 400.000 pelanggan. Klaim tersebut tidak masuk akal karena CPE dan ponsel 3G di Indonesia yang diimpor belum mencapai jumlah tersebut.

KUIS_30Agustus2007

2007-08-29T23:37:00.000-07:00

1. Dampak-dampak teknologi internet :
• Banyaknya pornografi yang disebarluaskan di internet
• Banyaknya pembajakan hak cipta
• Banyaknya hacker-hacker
• Manusia sudah terlalu mengandalkan kemampuan teknologi

Dampak-dampak teknologi televisi :
• Membuat seseorang malas beraktivitas
• Membuat manusia menjadi ketergantungan terhadap suatu acara

Dampak-dampak teknologi televisi secara garis besar :
• Level of Act (tingkat perilaku manusia)
• Type of Act (contoh-contoh perilaku)
• Intentionality (premeditated to accidental)
• Degree of Harm to victims
• Type of Harm (physical, emotional, psychological)
• Level of Openness (covert to overt)
• Level of Reality (fantasy to full reality)
• Level of Humor (farce to serious)

2. Global village
global village adalah sebuah istilah yang muncul karena disebabkan oleh suatu perkembangan teknologi yang memampukan manusia untuk memiliki jaringan komunikasi antar negara (global), dimana penggunaannya sangat tinggi dalam kuantitas sehingga memunculkan sebuah komunitas yang disebut global village.
teknologi yang digunakan adalah internet

3. Hubungan perkembangan teknologi dengan :
• PR
- menggunakan internet sebagai sarana untuk mempermudah kinerja karyawan
- menggunakan internet untuk mempermudah menjalin hubungan antara stakeholder dengan shareholder
• Jurnalistik
- mempermudah wartawan menyampaikan beritanya ke seluruh penjuru dunia bahkan secara langsung
- memperlancar wartawan mencari berita secara mudah dan cepat
- memperlancar komunikasi antar wartawan
• IMC
- mempermudah memasarkan dengan menggunakan internet, contohnya dengan menggunakan website-website
- mempermudah seseorang menggunakan slideshow Microsoft office untuk mempresentasikan apa yang ingin diiklankan

Sumber :
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
www.wikipedia.com
Violence on Television, Barrie Gunter, Jackie Harrison, Maggie Wykes

UPH - AD - reporter 3

2007-08-23T00:18:00.000-07:00

Cara Reporter Mengirimkan Berita Zaman Dahulu
Sebelum ditemukan teknologi I-Cast, GWave dan metode mutakhir lainnya, reporter yang diutus oleh stasiun-stasiun televisi tetap berusaha menyampaikan berita yang ter-up to date untuk bersaing dengan stasiun televisi lainnya.

Bagaimana caranya?
Umumnya kaset rekaman TV dikirim ke Jakarta dengan pesawat.
Misalnya, reporter di Ambon, bila ada peristiwa mendesak, usai meliput terbirit-birit mengantar kaset ke bandara. Setelah itu, laporan suara dikirim lewat telepon.

Oleh karena itu, dengan bantuan GWave dan teknologi lainnya, reporter pastilah sangat terbantu untuk menjalankan tugasnya.

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 22, 2007
Cara Penyampaian Berita dalam Sekejap oleh Reporter
Pengantar
Saat ini, semua orang memerlukan berita yang bisa didapatkan secara instan dan up to date. Di era global masa kini, kita tidak bisa lagi bergantung pada berita yang cenderung "basi", semua orang membutuhkan berita terkini dan terbaru. Hal seperti inilah yang coba disiasati oleh stasiun-stasiun televisi di Indonesia, mereka berkompetisi untuk menyajikan berita terkini dan teraktual untuk dinikmati pemirsanya.

Teknologi
Teknologi terbaru masa kini yang digunakan hampir semua stasiun televisi besar di Indonesia untuk menyampaikan berita dengan cepat dari belahan dunia yang satu ke belahan dunia lain adalah dengan menanam perangkat tayang langsung via satelit seperti OBVan atau Fly-Away, bahkan menggunakan satellite news gathering (SNG), meskipun SNG cukup mahal harganya.

I-Cast merupakan nama dari SNG yang kecil bentuknya. Dengan alat inilah, berita dapat dikirimkan dengan segera dari belahan dunia yang satu ke yang lainnya. Misalnya, ketika terjadi kecelakaan pesawat Adam Air di Sulawesi, warga Jakarta dapat dengan segera mengetahui berita tersebut dalam waktu yang singkat.

Sejak bencana gempa Nias, nama I-Cast diubah menjadi G-Wave, yang merupakan hasil rancang bangun "anak-anak bangsa" di Batam. Tepatnya buatan PT ACeS, anak perusahaan perusahaan satelit swasta pertama di Indonesia, Pasifik Satelit Nusantara.

Hanya dengan mencolokkan kamera ke komputer, lalu gambar dan suara berkualitas tinggi itu dia mampatkan. Gambar dengan laju data 6-8 megabit per detik (Mbps) itu diubah menjadi format MPEG4 dengan laju data di bawah 256 kilobit per detik (Kbps) agar bisa dilalukan lewat I-Cash. Peranti tenteng ini sebenarnya bisa meneruskan data lewat satelit hingga 256 Kbps. Namun, karena faktor cuaca dan perubahan di atmosfer, pipanya kadang mengerut jadi 150-200 Kbps. Gambar hasil kompresi itu memang tidak seprima tayangan yang dihasilkan bila menggunakan OBVan atau Fly-Away, namun dapat dikatakan, hasilnya cukup baik.

G-Wave lebih mudah dioperasikan dibandingkan dengan OBVan atau Fly-Away.G-Wave memang termasuk peranti langka. Ia menjadi satu dari dua perangkat IP Satellite portabel yang ada di dunia. Pesaingnya hanya Nera Inmarsat. Bedanya, peranti keluaran perusahaan Inggris itu sekarang hanya sanggup mentransmisikan data maksimal 64 Kbps.

Memang Inmarsat tengah mengembangkan BGAN (broadband global area network), yang sanggup mengirim data dengan kecepatan 512 Kbps atau dua kali lipat G-Wave. Namun BGAN belum bisa dipakai, karena peluncuran satelit Inmarsat-4 baru dilakukan pada kuartal ketiga tahun ini. G-Wave memang termasuk peranti langka. Ia menjadi satu dari dua perangkat IP Satellite portabel yang ada di dunia. Pesaingnya hanya Nera Inmarsat. Bedanya, peranti keluaran perusahaan Inggris itu sekarang hanya sanggup mentransmisikan data maksimal 64 Kbps. Memang Inmarsat tengah mengembangkan BGAN (broadband global area network), yang sanggup mengirim data dengan kecepatan 512 Kbps atau dua kali lipat G-Wave. Namun BGAN belum bisa dipakai, karena peluncuran satelit Inmarsat-4 baru dilakukan pada kuartal ketiga tahun ini.

www.google.com

UPH - AD - reporter 2

2007-08-23T00:14:00.000-07:00

Aktivitas

Jurnalisme dapat dikatakan "coretan pertama dalam sejarah". Meskipun berita seringkali ditulis dalam batas waktu terakhir, tetapi biasanya diedit sebelum diterbitkan.

Jurnalis seringkali berinteraksi dengan sumber yang kadangkala melibatkan konfidensialitas. Banyak pemerintahan Barat menjamin kebebasan dalam pers.

Aktivitas utama dalam jurnalisme adalah pelaporan kejadian dengan menyatakan siapa, apa, kapan, di mana, mengapa dan bagaimana (dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dengan 5W+1H) dan juga menjelaskan kepentingan dan akibat dari kejadian atau trend. Jurnalisme meliputi beberapa media: koran, televisi, radio, majalah dan internet sebagai pendatang baru.

[sunting] Sejarah

Pada awalnya, komunikasi antar manusia sangat bergantung pada komunikasi dari mulut ke mulut. Catatan sejarah yang berkaitan dengan penerbitan media massa terpicu penemuan mesin cetak oleh Johannes Gutenberg.

Di Indonesia, perkembangan kegiatan jurnalistik diawali oleh Belanda. Beberapa pejuang kemerdekaan Indonesia pun menggunakan jurnalisme sebagai alat perjuangan. Di era-era inilah Bintang Timur, Bintang Barat, Java Bode, Medan Prijaji, dan Java Bode terbit.

Pada masa pendudukan Jepang mengambil alih kekuasaan, koran-koran ini dilarang. Akan tetapi pada akhirnya ada lima media yang mendapat izin terbit: Asia Raja, Tjahaja, Sinar Baru, Sinar Matahari, dan Suara Asia.

Kemerdekaan Indonesia membawa berkah bagi jurnalisme. Pemerintah Indonesia menggunakan Radio Republik Indonesia sebagai media komunikasi. Menjelang penyelenggaraan Asian Games IV, pemerintah memasukkan proyek televisi. Sejak tahun 1962 inilah Televisi Republik Indonesia muncul dengan teknologi layar hitam putih.

Masa kekuasaan presiden Soeharto, banyak terjadi pembreidelan media massa. Kasus Harian Indonesia Raya dan Majalah Tempo merupakan dua contoh kentara dalam sensor kekuasaan ini. Kontrol ini dipegang melalui Departemen Penerangan dan Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI). Hal inilah yang kemudian memunculkan Aliansi Jurnalis Indepen yang mendeklarasikan diri di Wisma Tempo Sirna Galih, Jawa Barat. Beberapa aktivisnya dimasukkan ke penjara.

Titik kebebasan pers mulai terasa lagi saat BJ Habibie menggantikan Soeharto. Banyak media massa yang muncul kemudian dan PWI tidak lagi menjadi satu-satunya organisasi profesi.

Kegiatan jurnalisme diatur dengan Undang-Undang Penyiaran dan Kode Etik Jurnalistik yang dikeluarkan Dewan Pers

www.wikipedia.com

UPH-AD - Reporter

2007-08-23T00:12:00.001-07:00

Broadcasting around the World

[edit] United States

Broadcasting pioneer Frank Conrad in a 1921 portrait.

Defining exactly when broadcasting first began is difficult. Very early radio transmissions only carried the dots and dashes of wireless telegraphy. One of the first signals of significant power that carried voice and music was accomplished in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden when he made a Christmas Eve broadcast to ships at sea from Massachusetts. He played "O Holy Night" on his violin and read passages from the Bible. However, his financial backers lost interest in the project, leaving others to take the next steps. Early on, the concept of broadcasting was new and unusual—with telegraphs, communication had been one-to-one, not one-to-many. Sending out one-way messages to multiple receivers didn't seem to have much practical use.

Charles Herrold of San Jose, California sent out broadcasts as early as April 1909 from his Herrold School electronics institute in downtown San Jose, using the identification San Jose Calling, and then a variety of different call signs as the Department of Commerce began to regulate radio. His station was first called FN, then SJN (probably illegally). By 1912, the United States government began requiring radio operators to obtain licenses to send out signals. Herrold received licenses for 6XF and 6XE (a mobile transmitter) in 1916.

He was on the air daily for nearly a decade when World War I interrupted operations. After the war, the Herrold operation in San Jose received the callsign KQW in 1923. Today, the lineage of that continues as KCBS, a CBS-owned station in San Francisco.

Herrold, the son of a farmer who patented a seed spreader, coined the terms broadcasting and narrowcasting, ^{[verification needed]} based on the ideas of spreading crop seed far and wide, rather than only in rows. While Herrold never claimed the invention of radio itself, he did claim the invention of broadcasting to a wide audience, through the use of antennas designed to radiate signals in all directions.

A few organizations were allowed to keep working on radio during the war. Westinghouse was the most well-known of these. Frank Conrad, a Westinghouse engineer, had been making transmissions from 8XK since 1916 that included music programming.

However, a team at the University of Wisconsin-Madison headed by Professor Earle M. Terry also had permission to be on the air. They operated 9XM, originally licensed by Professor Edward Bennett in 1914, and usually sent Morse code weather reports to ships on the Great Lakes, but they also experimented with voice broadcasts starting in 1917. They reportedly had difficulties with audio distortion, so the next couple of years were spent making transmissions distortion-free.

Following the war, Herrold and other radio pioneers across the country resumed transmissions. The early stations gained new call signs. 8XK became KDKA in 1920. Herrold received a license for KQW in 1921 (later to become KCBS). 9XM became WHA in 1922.

The National Broadcasting Company began regular broadcasting in 1926, with telephone links between New York and other Eastern cities. NBC became the dominant radio network, splitting into Red and Blue networks.

The Columbia Broadcasting System began in 1927 under the guidance of William S. Paley.

Several independent stations formed the Mutual Broadcasting System to exchange syndicated programming, including The Lone Ranger and Amos 'n' Andy.

A Federal Communnications Commission decision in 1939 required NBC to divest itself of its Blue Network. That decision was sustained by the Supreme Court in a 1943 decision, National Broadcasting Co. v. United States, which established the framework that the "scarcity" of radio-frequency meant that broadcasting was subject to greater regulation than other media. This Blue Network network became the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). Around 1946, ABC, NBC, and CBS began regular television broadcasts. Another TV network, the DuMont Television Network, was founded earlier, but was disbanded in 1956.

[edit] Britain

The first experimental broadcasts, from Marconi's factory in Chelmsford, began in 1920.

Two years later, a consortium of radio manufacturers formed the British Broadcasting Company (BBC). This broadcast continued till its licence expired at the end of 1926. The company then became the British Broadcasting Corporation, a non-commercial organisation. Its governors are appointed by the government but they did not answer to it.

Lord Reith took a formative role in developing the BBC, especially in radio. Working as its first manager and Director-General, he promoted the philosophy of public service broadcasting, firmly grounded in the moral benefits of education and of uplifting entertainment, eschewing commercial influence and maintaining a maximum of independence from political control.

Commercial stations such as Radio Normandie and Radio Luxembourg broadcast into the UK from other European countries. This provided a very popular alternative to the rather austere BBC. These stations were closed during the War, and only Radio Luxembourg returned afterward.

BBC television broadcasts in Britain began on November 2, 1936, and continued until wartime conditions closed the service in 1939.

[edit] Germany

Before the Nazi assumption of power in 1933, German radio broadcasting was supervised by the Post Office. A listening fee of 2 Reichsmark per receiver paid most subsidies.

Immediately following Hitler's assumption of power, Joseph Goebbels became head of the Ministry for Propaganda and Public Enlightenment. Non-Nazis were removed from broadcasting and editorial positions. Jews were fired from all positions.

The Reichsrundfunk programming began to decline in popularity as the theme of Kampfzeit was continually played. Germany was easily served by a number of European mediumwave stations, including the BBC and domestic stations in France, the Low Countries, Denmark and Sweden, and Poland. It became illegal for Germans to listen to foreign broadcasts. (Foreign correspondents and key officials were exempt from this rule).

During the war, German stations broadcast not only war propaganda and entertainment for German forces dispersed through Europe and the Atlantic, but provided air raid alerts.

Germany experimented with television broadcasting before the Second World War, using a 180-line raster system beginning before 1935. German propaganda claimed the system was superior to the British mechanical scanning system, but this was subject to debate by persons who saw the broadcasts.

[edit] Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has the oldest radio station in Asia. The station was known as Radio Ceylon. It developed into one of the finest broadcasting institutions in the world. It is now known as the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation.

Sri Lanka created broadcasting history in Asia when broadcasting was started in Ceylon by the Telegraph Department in 1923 on an experimental footing, just three years after the inauguration of broadcasting in Europe.

Gramophone music was broadcast from a tiny room in the Central Telegraph Office with the aid of a small transmitter built by the Telegraph Department engineers from the radio equipment of a captured German submarine.

This broadcasting experiment was a huge success and barely three years later, on December 16, 1925, a regular broadcasting service came to be instituted. Edward Harper who came to Ceylon as Chief Engineer of the Telegraph Office in 1921, was the first person to actively promote broadcasting in Ceylon.

Edward Harper launched the first experimental broadcast as well as founding the Ceylon Wireless Club together with British and Ceylonese radio enthusiasts. Edward Harper has been dubbed ' the Father of Broadcasting in Ceylon.'

[edit] The 1950s and 1960s

[edit] United States

Television began to replace radio as the chief source of revenue for broadcasting networks. Although many radio programs continued through this decade, including Gunsmoke and The Guiding Light, by 1960 networks had ceased producing entertainment programs.

As radio stopped producing formal fifteen-minute to hourly programs, a new format developed. "Top 40" was based on a continuous rotation of short pop songs presented by a "disc jockey." Famous disc jockeys in the era included Alan Freed, Dick Clark, Don Imus and Wolfman Jack. Top 40 playlists were theoretically based on record sales; however, record companies began to bribe disc jockeys to play selected artists, in what was called payola.

In the 1950s, American television networks introduced broadcasts in color. (The Federal Communications Commission approved the world's first monochrome-compatible color television standard in Dec., 1953. The first network colorcast followed on Jan. 1, 1954, with NBC transmitting the annual Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, Calif. to over 20 stations across the country.) An educational television network, National Educational Television (NET), predecessor to PBS, was founded.

Shortwave broadcasting played an important part of fighting the cold war with Voice of America and the BBC World Service augmented with Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty transmitting through the "Iron Curtain", and Radio Moscow and others broadcasting back, as well as jamming (transmitting to cause intentional interference)the western voices.

[edit] Britain

Radio Luxembourg remained popular during the 1950s but saw its audience decline as commercial television and pirate radio, combined with a switch to a less clear frequency, began to erode its influence.

BBC television resumed on June 7, 1946, and commercial television began on September 22, 1955. Both used the pre-war 405-line standard.

BBC2 came on the air on April 20, 1964, using the 625-line standard, and began PAL colour transmissions on July 1, 1967, the first in Europe. The two older networks transmitted in 625-line colour from 1969.

During the 1960s there was still no UK-based commercial radio. A number of 'pirate' radio ships, located in international waters just outside the jurisdiction of English law, came on the air between 1964 and 1967. The most famous of these was Radio Caroline, which was the only station to continue broadcasting after the offshore pirates were effectively outlawed on August 14, 1967 by the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act. It was finally forced off air due to a dispute over tendering payments, but returned in 1972 and continued on and off until 1989. The station still broadcasts, nowadays using satellite carriers and internet.

[edit] Germany

When the Federal Republic of Germany was organized in 1949, its Enabling Act established strong state government powers. Broadcasting was organized on a state, rather than a national, basis. Nine regional radio networks were established. A technical coordinating organization, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der offentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ARD), came into being in 1950 to lessen technical conflicts.

The Allied forces in Europe developed their own radio networks, including the U.S. American Forces Network (AFN). Inside Berlin, Radio in the American Sector (RIAS) became a key source of news in the German Democratic Republic.

Germany began developing a network of VHF FM broadcast stations in 1955 because of the excessive crowding of the mediumwave and shortwave broadcast bands.

[edit] Sri Lanka

Radio Ceylon ruled the airwaves in the 1950s and 1960s in the Indian sub-continent. The station developed into the most popular radio network in South Asia. Millions of listeners in India for example tuned into Radio Ceylon.

Announcers like Livy Wijemanne, Vernon Corea, Pearl Ondaatje, Tim Horshington, Greg Roskowski, Jimmy Bharucha, Mil Sansoni, Eardley Peiris, Shirley Perera, Bob Harvie, Christopher Greet, Prosper Fernando, Ameen Sayani (of Binaca Geetmala fame),Karunaratne Abeysekera, S.P.Mylvaganam (the first Tamil Announcer on the Commercial Service) were hugely popular across South Asia.

The Hindi Service also helped build Radio Ceylon's reputation as the market leader in the Indian sub-continent. Gopal Sharma, Sunil Dutt Ameen Sayani, Hamid Sayani, were among the Indian announcers of the station.

The Commercial Service of Radio Ceylon was hugely successful under the leadership of Clifford Dodd, the Australian administrator and broadcasting expert who was sent to Ceylon under the Colombo Plan. Dodd hand picked some of the most talented radio presenters in South Asia. They went on to enjoy star status in the Indian sub-continent. This was Radio Ceylon's golden era.

[edit] The 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s

[edit] United States

The introduction of FM changed the listening habits of younger Americans. Many stations such as WNEW-FM in New York City began to play whole sides of record albums, as opposed to the "Top 40" model of two decades earlier.

In the 1980s, the Federal Communications Commission, under Reagan Administration and Congressional pressure, changed the rules limiting the number of radio and television stations a business entity could own in one metropolitan area. This deregulation led to several groups, such as Infinity Broadcasting and Clear Channel to buy many stations in major cities. The cost of these stations' purchases led to a conservative approach to broadcasting, including limited playlists and avoiding controversial subjects to not offend listeners, and increased commercials to increase revenue.

AM Radio declined throughout the 1970s and 1980s due to various reasons including: Lower cost of FM receivers, narrow AM audio bandwidth, and poor sound in the AM section of automobile receivers (to combat the crowding of stations in the AM band and a "loudness war" conducted by AM broadcasters), and increased radio noise in homes caused by fluorescent lighting and introduction of electronic devices in homes. AM radio's decline flattened out in the mid 1990s due to the introduction of niche formats and over commercialization of many FM stations.

[edit] Britain

A new Pirate station, Swiss-owned Radio Nordsee International, broadcast to Britain and the Netherlands from 1970 until outlawed by Dutch legislation in 1974 (which meant it could no longer be supplied from the European mainland). The English service was heavily jammed by both Labour and Conservative Governments in 1970 amid suggestions that the ship was actually being used for espionage. Radio Caroline returned in 1972 and continued until its ship sank in 1980 (the crew were rescued). A Belgian station, Radio Atlantis, operated an English service for a few months before the Dutch act came into force in 1974.

Land-based commercial radio finally came on air in 1973 with London's LBC and Capital Radio.

Channel 4 television started in November, 1982. Britain's UHF system was originally designed to carry only four networks.

Pirate radio enjoyed another brief resurgence with a literal re-launch of Radio Caroline in 1983, and the arrival of American-owned Laser 558 in 1985. Both stations were harassed by the British authorities; Laser closed in 1987 and Caroline in 1989, since when it has pursued legal methods of broadcasting, such as temporary FM licences and satellite.

Two rival satellite television systems came on the air at the end of the 1980s: Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting. Huge losses forced a rapid merger, although in many respects it was a takeover of BSB (Britain's official, Government-sanctioned satellite company) by Sky.

Radio Luxembourg launched a 24-hour English channel on satellite, but closed its AM service in 1989 and its satellite service in 1991.

The Broadcasting Act (1990) in UK law marked the establishment of two licencing authorities - the Radio Authority and the Independent Television Commission - to facilitate the licencing of non-BBC broadcast services, especially short-term broadcasts.

Channel 5 went on the air on March 30, 1997, using "spare" frequencies between the existing channels.

[edit] Sri Lanka

The Government of Sri Lanka opened up the market in the late 1970s and 1980s allowing private companies to set up radio and television stations.

Sri Lanka's public services broadcasters are the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC), Independent Television Net Work (ITN) and the affiliated radio station called Lak-handa. They had stiff competition on their hands with the private sector.

Broadcasting in Sri Lanka went through a transformation resulting in private broadcasting institutions being set up on the island among them Telshan Network (Pvt) Ltd, (TNL ,Maharaja Television -TV, Sirasa TV and Shakthi TV, and EAP Network (Pvt) Ltd - known as Swarnawahini - these private channels all have radio stations as well.

The 1990s saw a new generation of radio stations being established in Sri Lanka among them the 'Hiru' radio station. In the 1980s public service broadcasters like the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation set up their own FM arm.

Sri Lanka celebrated 80 years of broadcasting in December 2005. In January 2007 the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation celebrated 40 years as a public corporation.

[edit] Europe

In 1987, stations in the European Broadcasting Union began offering Radio Data System (RDS), which provides written text information about programs that were being broadcast, as well as traffic alerts, accurate time, and other teletext services.

[edit] The 2000s

The 2000s saw the introduction of digital radio and direct broadcasting by satellite (DBS) in the USA.

Digital radio services, except in the United States, were allocated a new frequency band in the range of 1,400 MHz. In the United States, this band was deemed to be vital to national defense, so an alternate band in the range of 2,300 MHz was introduced for satellite broadcasting. Two American companies, XM and Sirius, introduced DBS systems, which are funded by direct subscription, as in cable television. The XM and Sirius systems provide approximately 100 channels each, in exchange for monthly payments.

In addition, a consortium of companies received FCC approval for In-Band On-Channel digital broadcasts in the United States, which use the existing mediumwave and FM bands to provide CD-quality sound. However, early IBOC tests showed interference problems with adjacent channels, which has slowed adoption of the system.

In Canada, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission plans to move all Canadian broadcasting to the digital band and close all mediumwave and FM stations.

European and Australian stations have begun digital broadcasting (DAB). Digital radios began to be sold in the United Kingdom in 1998.

Regular Shortwave broadcasts using Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), a digital broadcasting scheme for short and medium wave broadcasts have begun. This system makes the normally scratchy international broadcasts clear and nearly FM quality, and much lower transmitter power. This is much better to listen to and has more languages.

In Sri Lanka in 2005 when Sri Lanka celebrated 80 years in Broadcasting, the former Director-General of the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, Eric Fernando called for the station to take full advantage of the digital age - this included looking at the archives of Radio Ceylon.

www.wikipedia.com

UPH-ad

2007-08-09T00:18:00.000-07:00

Perkembangan Televisi

Perkembangan televisi (TV) di Indonesia selama 10 tahun terakhir sampai
2005, mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan.

adanya penambahan
secara bertahap stasiun TV baru yang kini mencapai sekitar 86 stasiun
tersebar di lebih 50 kota besar dan di hampir semua provinsi di
Indonesia.

Jumlah itu dipastikan akan bertambah lagi, menyusul adanya 218 stasiun
TV baru lainnya yang telah mengajukan izin beroperasi. Daerah operasinya
pun tersebar, mulai di Jakarta, kota-kota besar seperti ibukota
provinsi, sampai tingkat kabupaten dan kotamadya. Itu belum termasuk TV
kabel (via parabola atau sinyal berlangganan), dan sejumlah stasiun TV
Komunitas, yang jarak pancaran siarannya terbatas di suatu area dalam
satu kota saja.

Dari catatan yang ada, stasiun TV kabel tidak saja tersebar di kota
besar seperti Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Malang
juga di sejumlah kota di luar Pulau Jawa, antara lain di Denpasar,
Medan, Ujung Pandang, Palu, dan Manado.
Sementara sebelas stasiun TV yang telah dikenal luas saat ini dan adalah
jangkauan sasaran pemirsanya di seluruh Indonesia, antara lain TVRI,
RCTI, Indosiar, TPI, Anteve, Transtv, TV7, SCTV, MetroTV, Lativi, dan
Global TV. Khusus TVRI, sebagai televisi pemerintah, saat ini juga tidak
ketinggalan terus melengkapi programnya, dengan harapan dapat tetap
menjadi tolok ukur industri televisi di Indonesia.

Di sisi lain, stasiun TV yang mengkhususkan diri pada siaran lokal di
Jakarta, juga terus bertambah jumlahnya. Contohnya, O Channel dan Jaktv
yang menonjolkan masalah perkotaan, live style dan beragam kehidupan
masyarakat urban ibukota. Kedua stasiun TV tersebut saat ini mulai
dikenal oleh masyarakat Jakarta dan sekitarnya, karena program acara
yang dipersembahkan sesuai mobilitas dan gaya hidup metropolitan, baik
berupa tayangan eksklusif berita, musik, dan sport, yang unik, langka,
serta menarik.

Perkembangan Televisi di indonesia pada zaman dahulu.

Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI) adalah stasiun televisi pertama di Indonesia, yang mengudara sejak tahun 1962 di Jakarta. Siaran perdananya menayangkan Upacara Peringatan Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia ke-17 dari Istana Negara Jakarta. Siarannya ini masih berupa hitam putih. TVRI kemudian meliput Asian Games yang diselenggarakan di Jakarta.
Dahulu TVRI pernah menayangkan iklan, kemudian pada tahun 80-an dan 90-an TVRI tidak menayangkan iklan, dan akhirnya TVRI kembali menayangkan iklan. Status TVRI saat ini adalah Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Sebagian biaya operasional TVRI masih ditanggung oleh negara.
TVRI memonopoli siaran televisi di Indonesia hingga tahun 1989 ketika didirikan televisi swasta pertama RCTI di Jakarta, dan SCTV pada tahun 1990 di Surabaya.

Perkembangan Teknologi Film
SEJARAH Film alias gambar bergerak dimulai dari sejumlah temuan teknologi di akhir abad ke-19. Kelak temuan tersebut menjadi titik picu kelahiran industri film.
Aneka piranti semacam permainan optis (seperti mainan teropong yang diputar-putar memberikan gambaran geometris tertentu dengan bantuan kaca cermin di tiga sudut sisinya), pertunjukan bayangan (semacam wayang), lentera ajaib dan alat yang dikembangkan kemudian.

Sebuah alat dinamai roda kehidupan alias "zoopraxiscope" yang bisa memperlihatkan gambar animasi atau foto bergerak dipatenkan William Lincoln di Amerika Serikat (AS) tahun 1867. Untuk melihat gambar itu bergerak, sebuah celah lubang menjadi 'sasaran' mata penonton. Mungkin mirip dengan gambar to'ong. Namun temuan tersebut jauh dari bentuk gambar bergerak atau biasa disebut film saat ini.
Film saat ini bermula dari temuan kamera film. Seorang warga Perancis, Louis Lumiere kerap disebut sebagai penemu kamera film pertama di tahun 1895. Sebenarnya sih, beberapa orang lain juga membuat produk serupa yang juga sejaman pada era Lumiere. Mungkin ibarat siapa yang lebih dahulu diketahui, dialah yang akan menuai kemashuran.
Temuan Lumiere berupa kamera film yang bisa dibawa ke mana saja, lalu alat pemroses film dan projektor yang dinamai Cinematographe. Ketiga fungsi tersebut menjadi satu kesatuan temuannya.

Cinematographe telah membuat gambar bergerak atau film menjadi sangat populer pada masanya. Kalau boleh dikatakan temuan Lumiere telah membuka pintu era film. Ia juga bersama saudaranya telah memulai pertunjukan film komersial kepada sejumlah penonton yang membayar. Mungkin Lumiere bisa juga dijuluki Bapak Bioskop?
Dari negara lain, perusahaan yang didirikan Thomas Alva Edison memperkenalkan temuan Kinetoscope di tahun 1891. Temuan itu memungkikan satu orang untuk menonton gambar bergerak. Belakangan temuan itu disempurnakan menjadi projektor Vitascope pada tahun 1896.
- Versi pertama lentera ajaib diciptakan Athanasius Kircher asal Roma di abad ke-17. Ciptaannya berupa benda transparan yang disoroti pelita sederhana dari lilin menggunakan lensa, sehingga dapat memproyeksikan gambar.
Berikut adalah sejarah-sejarah penemuan proyektor

- 1824 : Penemuan Thaumatrope (versi pertama permainan ilusi optis yang memacu konsep "persistence of vision") oleh Dr. John Ayrton Paris.

- 1831 : Temuan hukum induksi elektromagnet dari ilmuwan Inggris Michael Faraday. Hukum tersebut menjadi prinsip generator penghasil listrik dan motor listrik lainnya (termasuk tenaga pengegrak di kamera film atau proyektor).

- 1832 : Temuan 'Fantascope' atau disebut pula 'Phenakistiscope' (gambar putar) yang dihasilkan warga Belgia, Joseph Plateau. Serangkaian gambar dipasangkan pada piringan yang diputar. Penonton yang mengintip melalui sebuah lubang akan menyaksikan 'gambar hidup'.

- 1834 : Temuan dan paten pengadaptasian piranti 'stroboscopic', Daedalum oleh warga Inggris, William George Horner. Lantas dikembangkan warga Amerika, William Lincoln menjadi 'Zoetrope' di tahun 1867. Sebuah tabung berputar dengan serangkaian gambar di sisi luarnya. Perputaran tabung itu menipu mata sehingga mengesankan objek bergerak.

- 1839 : Kelahiran fotografi dan penjualan secara komersial 'viable daguerreotype' (mencetak gambar pada permukaan pelat tembaga yang dilapisi perak). Sang penemu adalah pelukis Perancis, Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre.

- 1841 : William Henry Fox Talbot asal Inggris mematenkan 'calotype' atau 'Talbotype', suatu proses mencetak foto negatif pada kertas kualitas tinggi.

- 1869 : John Wesley Hyatt mengembangkan pita seluloid dan dipatenkan tahun 1870, lalu menjadi merek dagang tahun 1873. Kelak temuan itu menjadi dasar pembuatan film fotografis.

- 1877 : Charles Emile Reynaud asal Perancis menciptakan 'Praxinoscope' yang menjadi proyektor sederhana. Prinsipnya kebalikan dari alat 'Zoetrope', di mana tabungnya dipasangi cermin.

- 1879 : Thomas Alva Edison mengenalkan bola lampu yang berguna pula pada alat proyektor.

Telecine (converter dari proyektor ke berbagai macam digital media)

(IPA pronunciation: [ˈtɛləˌsɪni] or [ˌtɛləˈsɪni]; [ˌtɛləˈsɪnə]; also [ˌtɛləˈsiːn]. Phonetic: "tel-e-Sin-ee"; "tel-e-Sin-a" as 'cine' is the same root as in 'cinema'; also "tele-seen".) is the process of transferring motion picture film into electronic form, or the machine used in this process. Telecine enables a motion picture, captured originally on film, to be viewed with standard video equipment, such as televisions, video cassette decks or computers. This allows producers and distributors working in film to release their products on video and allows producers to use video production equipment to complete their film projects. “Telecine” is combination of “television” and “cinema.” Within the film industry, it is also referred to as a TK, as TC is already used to designate time code.

History of telecine

With the advent of popular television, broadcasters soon realized they needed more than live programming. By turning to film-originated material, they would have access to the wealth of films made for the cinema before television in addition to originating television programming on film that could be aired at different times. Broadcasters needed to find a way to record a live broadcast on film to re-broadcast later. The kinescope was the early tool for this.[1] With the advent of color television, the film-chain tool—quite literally a film projector hooked to a video camera—came onto the scene. In the United States, this Film Chain was a film projector attached to a video camera with three vidicon image tubes. The image from the projector was separated via prism into the three primary colors, each directed at a vidicon tube. The three signals were then recombined to form the color video image.[2] In the United Kingdom, Rank Precision Industries was experimenting with the flying-spot scanner, which invented the cathode ray tube (CRT) concept of a television screen. The CRT emits a pixel-sized electron beam, which is converted to a photon beam through the phosphors coating the envelope, which then passes through the film into a pickup device. The modern telecine was born. In 1950 The first Rank flying spot telecine was installed at the BBC's Lime Grove studios.

Flying spot scanner

In a flying spot scanner (FSS) or cathode-ray tube (CRT) telecine, a pixel-sized light beam is projected through exposed and developed motion picture film (either negative or positive) at a phosphor-coated envelope. This beam of light “scans” across the film image from left to right to record the vertical frame information. Horizontal scanning of the frame was then accomplished by moving the film past the CRT beam. This beam passes through the film image, projecting it pixel-by-pixel onto the pickup (phosphor-coated envelope). The light from the CRT passes through the film and is separated by dichroic mirrors and filters into red, green and blue bands. Photomultiplier tubes or avalanche photodiodes convert the light into separate red, green & blue electrical signals for further electronic processing. This can be accomplished in “real time”, 24 frames a second (or in some cases faster). Rank Precision-Cintel introduced the “Mark” series of FSS telecines, culminating in the MkIII (1975). The problem with Flying Spots was the difference in frequencies between television field rates and film frame rates. This was solved first by the Mk1 Polygonal Prism system, then the Mk II Twin Lens and finally the Mk III Hopping Patch (jump scan). The Mk III series progressed from the original “jump scan” interlace scan to the MK IIIB which used a progressive scan and included a digital scan converter (Digiscan) to output interlaced video. The Mk IIIC was the most popular of the series and used a next generation Digiscan plus other improvements. The Mk I was remarkable in that the film could be run at any speed, and was optically sychronised to the television frame rate by the rotating prism. That series was then replaced by the Ursa (1989), the first in their line of telecines capable of producing digital data in 4:2:2 color space. The Ursa Gold (1993) stepped this up to 4:4:4 and then the Ursa Diamond (1997), which incorporated many third-party improvements on the Ursa system.[3]

CCD

The parts of a CCD scanner: (A) Xenon bulb; (B) film plane; (C) & (D) prisms and/or dichroic mirrors; (E) ,(F) & (G) red-, green- and blue-sensitive CCDs.
The Robert Bosch GmbH, Fernseh Div., which later became BTS inc. - Philips Digital Video Systems and is now part of Thomson's Grass Valley, introduced the worlds first CCD telecine (1979), the FDL-60. The FDL-60 designed and made in Darmstadt West Germany, was the first all solid state Telecine.
Rank Cintel (ADS telecine 1982) and Marconi Company (1985) both made CCD Telecines for a short time.
In a charge-coupled device (CCD) telecine, a “white” light is shone through the exposed film image into a prism, which separates out the image into the three primary colors, red, green and blue. Each beam of colored light is then projected at a different CCD, one for each color. The CCD converts the light into electrical impulses which the telecine electronics modulate into a video signal which can then be recorded onto video tape or broadcast.
Philips - BTS eventually evolved the FDL-60 into the FDL 90 (1989)/ Quadra (1993). In 1996 Philips working with Kodak introduced the Spirit DataCine (SDC 2000), which was capable of scanning the film image at HDTV resolutions and approaching 2K (1920 Luminance and 960 Chrominace RGB) x 1556 RGB. With the data option the Spirit DataCine can be used as a motion picture film scanner outputting 2K DPX data files as 2048 x 1556 RGB. In 2000 Philips introduced the Shadow Telecine (STE) this is a low cost version of the Spirit, with no Kodak parts. The Spirit DataCine, Cintel's C-Reality and ITK's Millennium opened the door to the technology of digital intermediates wherein telecine coloring tools were not just for video outputs, but could now be used for high-resolution data that would later be recorded back out to film.[3]The Grass Valley Spirit 4k (2004) replaced the Spirit 1 Datacine and uses both 2K and 4k line array CCDs.

Digital intermediate systems and virtual telecines
Telecine technology is increasingly merging with that of Motion picture film scanners; high-resolution telecines, such as those mentioned above, can be regarded as film scanners that operate in real time.
As digital intermediate post-production becomes more common, the need to combine the traditional telecine functions of input devices, standards converters, and colour grading systems is becoming less important as the post-production chain changes to tapeless and filmless operation.
However, the parts of the workflow associated with telecines still remain, and are being pushed to the end, rather than the beginning, of the post-production chain, in the form of real-time digital grading systems and digital intermediate mastering systems, increasingly running in software on commodity computer systems. These are sometimes called virtual telecine systems.

Controllers
Main article: color grading
For high-end systems most telecines are controlled by a Da Vinci Systems color corrector, 2k or 2k Plus, also called color grading.
Some high-end systems are controlled by Pandora Int.'s Pogle, some with a their MegaDEF or a Pixi color grading system.
For edit control Da Vinci Systems' TLC edit controller is used or Pandora Int.'s Pogle also has a built in edit control. The edit controller controls the telecine and a VTR(s) or other record devices for frame accurate film frame editing.
Older systems are: Da Vinci Systems's: The Whiz (1982), Classic analog, Renaissance and 888; The Corporate Communications's System 60XL (1982-1989) and Copernicus-Sunburst; Bosch Fernseh's FRP-60 (1983-1989); Dubner (1978-1985?), Cintel's TOPSY (1978), Amigo (1983), and ARCAS (1992) systems. All of these older systems work only with standard-definition 525 and 625 video signals, and are consdiered near obsolete today.

Frame rate differences
Main article: Frame rate
The most complex part of telecine is the synchronization of the mechanical film motion and the electronic video signal. Every time the video part of the telecine samples the light electronically, the film part of the telecine must have a frame in perfect registration and ready to photograph. This is relatively easy when the film is photographed at the same frame rate as the video camera will sample, but when this is not true, a sophisticated procedure is required to change frame rate.
In countries that use the PAL or SECAM video standards, film destined for television is photographed at 25 frames per second. The PAL video standard broadcasts at 25 frames per second, so the transfer from film to video is simple; for every film frame, one video frame is captured. Theatrical features originally photographed at 24 frame/s are simply sped up by 4% to 25 frame/s. While this is usually not noticed in the picture it causes a slightly noticeable increase in audio pitch by about one semitone, which is sometimes corrected using a pitch shifter, though pitch shifting is a recent innovation and precedes an alternative method of telecine for 25 frames/s formats. However, a difference between the two is rarely noticed unless the original audio is compared side by side with the pitched audio.
Although the 4% speed increase has been standard since the early days of PAL and SECAM television, recently a new technique (see ^12:3 pulldown, below) has gained popularity. This method converts every film frame to two video fields, except that every 12th frame is repeated, fitting exctly within 25 frames (50 fields) of video per second. The speed and pitch of the telecined presentation are identical to that of the original film.
In the United States and other countries that use the NTSC television standard, film is generally photographed at 24 frame/s. Color NTSC video is broadcast at 29.97 frame/s. For the film's motion to be accurately rendered on the video signal, an NTSC telecine must use a technique called the 3:2 pulldown to convert from 24 to 29.97 frame/s.
Similar techniques must be used for films shot at “silent speeds” of less than 24 frame/s (about 18fps), which include most silent movies themselves as well as many home movies.

Common pulldown patterns

[edit] 3:2 pulldown
The process of converting 24 frame/s material to 29.97 frame/s is known as 3:2 pulldown. The term “pulldown” comes from the mechanical process of “pulling” the film down to advance it from one frame to the next at a repetitive rate (nominally 24 fps). This is accomplished in two steps. The first step is to slow down the film motion by 1/1001. This speed change is unnoticeable to the viewer, and makes the film travel at 23.976 frame/s.
The second step of the 3:2 pulldown is the 3:2 (or 2:3, see below) step. At 23.976 frame/s, there are 4 frames of film for every 5 frames of NTSC video:

These four frames are “stretched” into five by exploiting the interlaced nature of NTSC video. For every NTSC frame, there are actually two complete images or fields, one for the odd-numbered lines of the image, and one for the even-numbered lines. There are, therefore, ten fields for every 4 film frames, and the telecine alternately places one film frame across two fields, the next across three, the next across two, and so on. The cycle repeats itself completely after four film frames have been exposed, and in the telecine cycle these are called the A, B, C, and D frames, thus:

Note that the pattern in this example is actually 2-3. A 3-2 pattern is identical to this except that it’s shifted by one frame. For instance, starting with film frame B, followed by frame C, yields a 3-2 pattern (B-B-B-C-C). In other words, there is no difference between the two — it's only a matter of reference.

Other pulldown patterns
16 fps (actually 15.985) to NTSC 30 fps (actually 29.976), pulldown should be 3:4:4:4; 16 fps to PAL, pulldown is should be 3:3:3:3:3:3:3:4; 18 fps (actually 17.982) to NTSC, pulldown should be 3:3:4; 20 fps (actually 19.980) to NTSC, pulldown should be 3:3.

Telecine judder
The “3:2 pulldown” telecine process creates a slight error in the video signal compared to the original film frames that can be seen in the above image. This is one reason why NTSC films viewed on typical home equipment may not appear as smooth as when viewed in a cinema. The phenomenon is particularly apparent during slow, steady camera movements which appear slightly jerky when telecined. This process is commonly referred to as telecine judder. Reversing the 2-3 pulldown telecine is discussed below.
PAL material in which 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown has been applied, suffers from a similar lack of smoothness, though this effect is not usually called “telecine judder”. Effectively, every 12th film frame is displayed for the duration of 3 PAL fields (60 milliseconds), whereas the other 11 frames are all displayed for the duration of 2 PAL fields (40 milliseconds). This causes a slight “hiccup” in the video about twice a second.

Reverse telecine (a.k.a. IVTC/inverse telecine)
Some DVD players, line doublers, and personal video recorders are designed to detect and remove 2-3 pulldown from interlaced video sources, thereby reconstructing the original 24 frame/s film frames. This technique is known as “reverse” or “inverse” telecine. Benefits of reverse telecine include high-quality non-interlaced display on compatible display devices and the elimination of redundant data for compression purposes.
Reverse telecine is crucial when acquiring film material into a digital non-linear editing system such as an Avid or Final Cut Pro, since these machines produce negative cut lists which refer to specific frames in the original film material. When video from a telecine is ingested into these systems, the operator usually has available a “telecine trace,” in the form of a text file, which gives the correspondence between the video material and film original. Alternatively, the video transfer may include telecine sequence markers “burned in” to the video image along with other identifying information such as time code.
It is also possible, but more difficult, to perform reverse telecine without prior knowledge of where each field of video lies in the 2-3 pulldown pattern. This is the task faced by most consumer equipment such as line doublers and personal video recorders. Ideally, only a single field needs to be identified, the rest following the pattern in lock-step. However, the 2-3 pulldown pattern does not necessarily remain consistent throughout an entire program. Edits performed on film material after it undergoes 2-3 pulldown can introduce “jumps” in the pattern if care is not taken to preserve the original frame sequence (this often happens during the editing of television shows and commercials in NTSC format). Most reverse telecine algorithms attempt to follow the 2-3 pattern using image analysis techniques, e.g. by searching for repeated fields.
Algorithms that perform 2-3 pulldown removal also usually perform the task of deinterlacing. It is possible to algorithmically determine whether video contains a 2-3 pulldown pattern or not, and selectively do either reverse telecine (in the case of film-sourced video) or deinterlacing (in the case of native video sources).
Some product sheets refer to reverse telecine as “reverse 3:2 pulldown.”

Digital television, and high definition
Digital television and high definition standards provide several methods for encoding film material. 50 field/s formats such as 576i50 and 1080i50 can accommodate film content using a 4% speed-up like PAL. 59.94 field/s interlaced formats such as 480i60 and 1080i60 use the same 2-3 pulldown technique as NTSC. In 59.94 frame/s progressive formats such as 480p60 and 720p60, entire frames (rather than fields) are repeated in a 2-3 pattern, accomplishing the frame rate conversion without interlacing and its associated artifacts. Other formats such as 1080p24 can decode film material at its native rate of 24 or 23.976 frame/s.
All of these coding methods are in use to some extent. In PAL countries, 25 frame/s formats remain the norm. In NTSC countries, most digital broadcasts of 24 frame/s material, both standard and high definition, continue to use interlaced formats with 2-3 pulldown. Native 24 and 23.976 frame/s formats offer the greatest image quality and coding efficiency, and are widely used in motion picture and high definition video production. However, most consumer video devices do not support these formats.

DVDs
On DVDs, telecined material may be either hard telecined, or soft telecined. In the hard-telecined case, video is stored on the DVD at the playback framerate (29.97 frames/sec for NTSC, 25 frames/sec for PAL), using the telecined frames as shown above. In the soft-telecined case, the material is stored on the DVD at the film rate (24 or 23.976 frames/s) in the original progressive format, with special flags inserted into the MPEG-2 video stream that instruct the DVD player to repeat certain fields so as to accomplish the required pulldown during playback. Progressive scan DVD players additionally offer output at 480p by using these flags to duplicate frames rather than fields.
NTSC DVDs are often soft telecined, although lower-quality hard-telecined DVDs exist. In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:2 pulldown, the difference between soft and hard telecine vanishes, and the two may be regarded as equal. In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:3 pulldown, either soft or hard telecining may be applied.